"Вестник МГСУ"

Pipeline from an external system should be inlet in the part of the building where a large number of water folding devices will be concentrated. As a rule, for shopping cen- ters with a lot of water consumers it is necessary to make not less than three inputs, each of them should be connected to different areas of an external ring water supply system in order to make the work of the system more reliable.The places for water folding fittings in shopping centers are the following. The water folding devices: mixers are placed in sanitary cabins of shopping centers. Usually, for for water saving in buildings with a big pass-through capacity per hour it is reasonable to use contactless mixers, which are turned on upon raising a hand with a help of motion sensor or light sensor. Another important argument in favor of such mixers is prevention of infections spread for the reason that the consumer doesn't touch the device, so, the risk of bacteria transmission via the device decreases. Such mixer supplies water with a demanded expense and temperature. As a rule, water for such mixers moves from the centralized internal water supply system of hot water, mixing up with cold water. If there is no centralized hot water supply system, it is possible to use hot water storage heaters in case of a small number of visitors or to reject mixers at all in favor of the cranes giving water of only one temperature (cold), which is also practiced.For the branch of economic and household the water receivers are used, which are present in sanitary cabins in most cases by toilet bowls, wash basins, urinals.

The paper represents an overview of masonry mortars designated for walls made of small-size masonry units. The authors argue that regular mortars cannot demonstrate uniform heat transfer performance. Regular mortar walling has cold bridges. Cement-sand mortars have high cement and water consumption rates that boost mortar shrinkage and creep.
The paper also demonstrates that no surface effects or contact interaction between the cement grout and the surface of the sand and other aggregates are taken into consideration in connection with the above statement. Aggregates added to the mortar have a highly developed surface; they also feature a substantial supply of free energy. The authors believe that the extrusion method can make it possible to employ the free energy to improve the strength and other properties of the material in the course of formation of its structure.
This process may also improve the moistening and the adhesive strength of particles; it draws the cement particles as close to one another as it may be possible, it cleans their surface and extracts any excessive water out of the mix.
The paper also presents the results of the research of the microstructure of spilt Portland cement and hollow glass spheres, their mineral and chemical analyses, as well as the properties of masonry mortars. The paper presents a conclusion that their high process-dependent parameters and superior operating performance are attainable through the introduction of effective hollow glass spheres into masonry mortars and the application of the extrusion method. The aforementioned novelties may reduce the water consumption rate, improve the strength, freeze resistance and durability of cement mortars.
The preparation of this paper involved the study of nine reference books. This paper is the first one of a series of papers covering the method of extrusion of lightweight cement mortars.

Great water losses in the internal plumbing of a building lead to the waste of money for a fence, purification and supply of water volumes in excess. This does not support the concept of water conservation and resource saving lying today in the basis of any building’s construction having plumbing. Leakage means unplanned of water losses systems in domestic water supply systems (hot or cold) as a result of impaired integrity, complicating the operation of a system and leading to high costs of repair and equipment restoration. A large number of leaks occur in old buildings, where the regulatory service life of pipelines has come to an end, and the scheduled repair for some reason has not been conducted. Steel pipelines are used in the systems without any protection from corrosion and they get out of order. Leakages in new houses are also not uncommon. They usually occur as a result of low-quality adjustment of the system by workers. It also important to note the absence of certain skills of plumbers, who don’t conduct the inspections of in-house systems in time. Sometimes also the residents themselves forget to keep their pipeline systems and water fittings in their apartment in good condition. Plumbers are not systematically invited for preventive examinations to detect possible leaks in the domestic plumbing. The amount of unproductive losses increases while simultaneous use of valve tenants, and at the increase of the number of residents in the building. Water leaks in the system depend on the amount of water system piping damages, and damages of other elements, for example, water valves, connections, etc. The pressure in the leak area also plays an important role.

Operation of present-day water supply networks and management of hydraulic models of pipeline networks are labour intensive and ambiguous tasks requiring a sophisticated approach. Operation of water supply networks servicing major Russian cities is accompanied by processing of extensive amounts of information; moreover, some elements of the water supply infrastructure are hidden under the ground. Nowadays operators of water supply networks take advantage of the advanced software used to solve a wide range of tasks associated with data filing, overall evaluation, analysis and optimization of the most important parameters of urban water supply networks. The above software is an essential tool in the management of water networks in major cities. Their ability to collect and process all data on water supply networks and to conduct some research aimed at the improvement of various parameters of the system, including optimization of hydraulic characteristics of the pipeline is employed by researchers and water pipeline operators.The authors analyze and compare CAD software systems designated for water supply networks servicing big cities, capable of resolving multi-component problems and ensuring the reliability of water supply systems.

Solar thermal system are its constituent elements with their connection between each other, thermal processes within them and also input/output data. The conjunction of external and internal factors determines the efficiency of solar thermal system. No excess heat as well as its deficiency displays us high level efficiency of system. The initial data for modeling of solar thermal systems functioning are dissimilar. Parameters of system’s equipment are constant. Solar radiation amount and water consumption are variable data. The more close initial data to reality, the more definite simulated result is. The main problem is in unpredictability of water consumption by the reason of daily regime and requirement of each user. In this way user is the most instable element of the system. In this study the input data for mathematical modeling of solar thermal systems was analyzed. The climatic databases and standard specifications of hot water demand were also analyzed. The operability estimation method for solar thermal systems with variable input data was offered. The extent of suitability of any solar thermal system can be defined by certain characteristic. The value of this characteristic displays energy accumulation process.