"Вестник МГСУ"

The history and present-day problems accompanying the relationship between Man and the human habitat are considered in the article. Understanding of the role of Nature in the human life is demonstrated by the architectural morphogenesis.K. Marx identified the two ways of consumption of natural resources. According to the first one, people enjoyed natural benefits as they were. The second one contemplated transformation, physical and chemical treatment of natural resources.Predominance of the consumer-style attitude to Nature means transition to the phase of transformation of natural resources into the forms suitable for consumption.The history of the relationship between Nature and Man is composed of the following phases:Man as the slave of Nature; Man as the student of Nature; Man as the lord of Nature;Man as the destroyer of Nature and a parasite consuming its resources; Man as the repentant sinner failing to take any effort to repay the debt.The educational phase of the architecture means identification of structural features of natural materials integrated into tectonic systems of structures. The second wave of imitation of Nature, or mimesis, had an esthetic orientation and was typical for early cultures. Separation of structural and ornamental features of a wall marked the third wave of assimilation of Nature in the architecture of Europe starting from the Renaissance and through the era of the bourgeois pragmatism. However, it was the design of wide-span structures that served as the prerequisite of technological borrowings from the phenomena of the wildlife (skeletons, webs, folds), or the third wave of assimilations. The idea of architecture as the subject having the properties of a living organism marked the fifth wave of appeal to the wildlife, its transient forms and changing organisms.The understanding of the ecological responsibility of Man embedded in the architecture contemplated the sixth wave of the human activities. What will be the seventh wave of relationship between Nature and Man?

The emphasis of modern critics shifts from discussions on formal issues (stylistics, decorative components, imagery) to the content issues of environment organization, materialized by town-planning actions. The prospects of the destruction of the existing town structure by spontaneous infill construction are quite realistic, which requires not only critical discussion, but also strong opposition to antisocial forces. A city stopped to be a comfortable environment for a human.A number of estimations is put forward, which characterize negative trends in modern city architecture. They represent the object of technical analysis and positive recommendations, which should be regarded a creative mechanism of influence on the practice through the theory.The intensity of social and economic transformations as givenness of modern reality radically changes the mentality, esthetic and space perception of the living environment, opinions on the value interrelation of new and old in building. All these requires heightened positive reasoning and constructive, maybe even tough actions.The danger of losing the face of Russian architecture is also essential. The reason for this is in epidemic copying by native architects, who are fascinated by foreign masterpieces eccentricity.

Though the technologies are dynamically developing and there are a lot of research projects, there is still no general opinion on a glass-facade building among the European scientific community, architects and construction engineers. The increasing requirements to heat-protective qualities of translucent structures make us think of the necessity of a quantum leap both in technologies and in principal approaches to the development of architectural and constructive solutions of translucent shells. Together with economical features, the dynamics of heat-protective indicators’ increase show the tendencies to reaching the possibilities limits of mass glass units. The European construction practice usually solve this problem by developing sealed insulating glass units and by different conceptual solutions of the systems of translucent double facades. In the given article the basic theoretical principles and innovative engineering ideas are formulated dealing with the modern glass-facade building construction. “Green Building” conception is analyzed as a European new building philosophy.

Russia as well as the majority of the countries of the world is a highly urbanized country (according to expert opinion 70 % of the country population are citizens). The situation is worsening by the fact that in Russia, as well as in the majority of European countries, USA and Canada, great territories not occupied with agriculture are almost fully littered with industrial and consumer waste - including from solid municipal waste to highly toxic and radioactive. Generally about 9 bln tones of waste are accumulated in Russia, which includes 1.5 bln tones of dangerous waste. Basing on the analysis of more than 100 waste disposal objects in Samara region the authors showed that within its boundaries 17 landfills are situated, which after deactivation are potentially suitable as donors of recultivation materials: secondary mineral soils and soil substitutes. Moreover the separate remediated territories of can serve as sets for constructing waste neutralization complexes. The ideas presented in this work were used for estimating the state and justifying the methods of landfill recultivation in Zhigulevsk (Samara region).

The social and economic development of the society to a greater or lesser degree touches upon ecological questions, which include water supply conservation. Waste water treatment plays a very important role. Over the recent years in developed countries the phenomenon of suburbanization has appeared. It means growth and development of the suburban area of the biggest cities. In relation with it, it seems perspective to investigate the technologies aimed at wastewater treatment coming from small settlements. The paper considers the prospects of the use of oxidation ditches as the main biological WWTP-structures for small towns in the Moscow region. In order to study the conditions to achieve high efficiency of nitrogen removal and to investigate the rule of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification removal (SND), the laboratory-scale oxidation ditch model was made in the Laboratory of Biological methods of Wastewater Treatment of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering. The experiment lasted for 6 months and showed good results, which can be used for further studies. The Michaelis - Menten formulas for enzyme kinetics of the studied biological system were obtained.

The authors provide several philosophical views and an advanced theoretical approach to the positioning of branches of geo-ecology in the general network of ecologyrelated sciences. The present-day system of views in respect of the subject matter of geo-ecology is challenged by new developments and areas of research.Rock destabilization caused by construction works and further settling of adjacent areas inflicts the ecological damage. Lithosphere is responsible for the filtering and purification of the water; biogens and microelements are also added into the water within the lithosphere. Lithosphere accommodates subterranean structures, and it also serves as the living environment for microorganisms. These living organisms produce their influence onto lithogenesis; they can also modify conditions of construction and operation of subterranean structures accommodated as deep as several kilometers below the Earth surface. The subterranean space, taken as a constituent of the biosphere, produces a substantial impact on the quality of the environment on the Earth surface. Geo-ecological prerequisites of construction of subterranean structures are complex and understudied if compared to those that are considered before any construction works on the surface of the Earth. Problematic accessibility to deep massifs serves as the reason for their insufficient study. Geo-ecology of the subterranean space serves as one of the most important scientific branch that enjoys an independent subject matter and areas of research.

In Russia the standards for wastewater discharge have increased in the nineties of the twentieth century, and the main question was the removal of nutrients. In recent years there have been many studies in order to develop new methods of wastewater treatment, and to adopt Western technologies in Russian treatment plants. But the main problem now is that most of the plants in Russia were built more than thirty years ago. And now they need reconstruction. It requires great financial investments, but the possibilities are limited. Therefore it is necessary to reconstruct with minimal expenses, maximum usage of existing tanks and equipment, and the quality of wastewater treatment satisfying the standards. In Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU) extensive researches are carried out in the field of biological wastewater treatment, including the removal of nutrients. The results of the researches were used for constructions and reconstructions of treatment plants in Russia.Technological Scheme «Deep biological wastewater treatment system with ammonium-nitrogen removal», which was developed and patented in MGSU, treats wastewater biologically in the aeration tank, which is divided into a sequence of alternating anoxic and aerobic zones. The reconstruction of biological treatment plants under this Scheme is possible at minimal cost, and the quality of treatment satisfies the modern standards.Nowadays, in the Russian Federation there are about sixty two percent of plants with aeration tanks, thirty three percent of biofiltration plants, and five percent of the plants with only mechanical treatment. The main task of the present research was to investigate the possibility of applying single-sludge denitri-nitrification system in the reconstruction of wastewater treatment plants in the Russian Federation. Only plants with aeration tanks were studied, because only they can be reconstructed with the use of the Scheme.The research includes fifty three treatment plants of different Russian cities. According to the questionnaires the data for each treatment plant has been received. The date concerns influents and effluents, the features of a construction and operation of the structures at a station and the data about the cost of aeration in the aeration tanks and so on. The location of the studied treatment plants can be found on the map present in the article.From the initial data the basic parameters of the aeration tanks were calculated, including the amount of air required for denitrification and nitrification. The calculation of the required air amount has been carried out using the method developed in MGSU. This method includes both normative calculations and practical experience of operating procedure of the aeration tanks (working with the single-sludge denitri-nitrification scheme). The results of the calculations were compiled for further analysis.According to the analysis, sixty five percent of the studied wastewater treatment plants may be reconstructed according to the single-sludge denitri-nitrification scheme. It will lead to a serious improvement of wastewater treatment quality.It is important to note, that the calculations were made on the basis of air amount produced by the existing station`s blowers. Therefore reconstructions don`t require replacement of blowers and can be done stage-by-stage.

On the modern stage of reconstruction and major repairs of linear parts of main pipelines lots of technologies exist. In scientific literature authors often raise questions on ecological justification of major pipelines design. Choosing ecologically safe technology taking into account the machines, mechanisms and equipment used, their quantity, physical parameters, designed life state, nature and climatic conditions is a complicated process. In the article the stages of ecological justification of technological processes are considered in case of reconstruction and overhaul of the main pipelines. Each stage has its purpose, which corresponds to a certain stage of life cycle of the main pipeline: design and reconstruction (capital repairs). The choice of ecologically safe technology is based on exhaustive information, which is acquired by means of application of GIS-technologies.

The Nenets Autonomous area located inside the Arctic circle is the subject of the Russian Federation. The environmental situation in the Nenets Autonomous area is poor despite the remoteness from other densely populated regions of Russia. A large number of ecosystems are exposed to powerful anthropogenic impact. For example, petroleum products and waste water exert negative impact on rivers and basins thereof. Water bodies in the region have some natural features which also adversely affect on water intake for industrial and domestic needs. The article considers and analyzes different types of pollution for natural resources of the Nenets Autonomous area which cause a great environmental damage to the region. Method of ranking for parts of the water body is proposed which makes it possible to reveal among them the most problematic from the environmental point of view. Options for improving the preliminary treatment of water at the water intakes are proposed that significantly simplify the operation of water treatment facilities. Сonstruction of new sewage treatment facilities using the latest developments in terms of tertiary treatment of wastewater, upgrade of standards for wastewater treatment, as well as the organization of sanitary protection zones will be a significant step in improving the environmental situation.

Culture in ecology is a research area founded in Russia by Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev in 1979. Like any science, it has its target of research (World Culture), its purpose — the preservation of national cultures, its own generalization method related to the method of ecology. Culture in ecology is a scientific discipline. It is not a part of the environment, as it has a separate subject of study. It can be considered a part of the noosphere theory. Culture as a whole is vast human creation, which includes creative, handicraft and other skills related to agriculture, development of the planet's resources, education and training of children, the highest ideals of human being, engineering, arts, protecting the environment and cultural heritage.Culture is a means of managing material noospheric objects. Culture ecology studies the creativity, engineering, and economic interactions in the society and their impact on the human environment, because it is closely connected to ecology. Culture ecology should be developed in order to manage the biosphere or even the noosphere as rationally constructed megasystem consisting of natural and man-made objects. Noosphere as an ideal state of the environment does not exist in reality. It is far from predation and barbarism in terms of using natural resources. Today the principles of culture ecology are based on the development of projects of recreating historic landscapes, historic buildings and structures for the purposes of modern society. In the report the author focuses on two examples of such work: the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow and the Frauenkirche in Dresden. They are the examples of constructions corresponding to the requirements for ecological facilities and cultural experience. They should be considered the islands of noosphere in the modern imperfect world and science. The combination of old and new is a tricky thing. It is easy to destroy the balance between old guardian of the spirit, and new functioning elements of the statutes for the modern society needs. It is easy to upset the balance and thus give rise for objections from one side or another. The debates on inclusion old and new parts should be going in the process of rebuilding objects in new social environment.

Today, Russian Far East represents a transit hub connecting Europe and Russia with Southeast Asia, Japan and America. The optimal pattern of its development involves its economic growth in combination with the implementation of major investment projects to be funded by the state and private investors. Despite substantial local problems, development of eastern regions is the top-priority task for Russian and international businesses.
The paper proposes several alternative solutions to the power generation problems of Russian Far East through the application of renewable sources of power. Namely, several options considered in this paper include construction of a tidal power plant in Tugurskij bay sheltered from the heavy ice of the Sea of Ohotsk by a string of the Shantar Islands, as well as the complementary operation of wave power plants. However, the use of power generated by tidal power plants seems to be problematic due to uneven power generation for the reason of cyclical (bi-weekly) nature of tides.
This paper proposes several solutions to ensure regular power generation by Tugurskaja tidal power plant. Solution 1 contemplates the backing to be provided by Sredne-Uchurskaja and Kankunskaja hydraulic power plants in South Yakutia.
The amount of power undersupplied by Tugurskaja tidal power plant may be covered by the hydraulic power plants, and the drop-down in the performance of a tidal power plant may be compensated by the hydraulic power plants to ensure guaranteed complementary performance of a power generating vehicle composed of a network of tidal and hydraulic power plants.
Solution 2, which is more effective, involves construction of a pumped-storage power plant in a valley of the Ujkan River tributary in Khabarovsk Krai.

In 2011 in Russia a Strategy of Production Development of Construction Materials and Industrial Housing Construction for the period up to 2020 was approved as one of strategic documents in the sphere of construction. In the process of this strategy development all the needs of construction complex were taken into account in all the spheres of economy, including transport system. The strategy also underlined, that the construction industry is a great basis for use and application in secondary economic turnover of dangerous waste from different production branches. This gives possibility to produce construction products of recycled materials and at the same time to solve the problem of environmental protection. The article considers and analyzes scientific methodological approaches to creation of a model of a complex control system for the streams of building waste in frames of organizing uniform ecologically safe and economically effective complex system of waste treatment in country regions.

Subject: a large-scale program for development of the Arctic territories requires construction of civil and industrial facilities, the use of a wide range of spatial resources, including the subsoil resources. Construction and mining activities are characterized by significant threats due to the risks of consequences of technogenic impact on the biota of the Arctic, given the considerable vulnerability of machinery and equipment to low temperatures, which requires the use of special construction geotechnologies and personnel with appropriate competencies. At the same time, severe climatic conditions require the use of high-performance equipment to minimize the participation of workers in the production process. Research objectives: for effective implementation of construction and mining activities in the Arctic territories, it is necessary, through consolidation of the efforts of academic science and industries and under conditions of import substitution, to provide for formation of a new branch of heavy machinery industry and supporting industries that take into account the specificity of the cryolithozone, and provide for creation of new geotechnologies that allow us to radically change the nature and intensity of technogenic destruction of biomes of the Arctic zone of Russia. Materials and methods: our research is based on normative and legislative documents regulating the development of the Arctic, as well as on the ideology of creating “green” high-performance geotechnologies. This ideology is based on the ideas of homeostatic transformation (realization) in the technosphere of the principles of the functioning of biological systems and the use of temperature resource of their abiota for preservation of vulnerable and unproductive biological communities of the Arctic zone. Results: the conducted series of studies allowed us to formulate the techno-ecological and methodological approaches to justification of parameters of high-performance geotechnologies, machines and equipment that provide for construction activities and mining operations in the Arctic.