"Вестник МГСУ"

Any selection of sites to accommodate mining enterprises (ME) shall inflict a minimal damage to the environment and humans. Consideration of environmental effects caused by various factors of anthropogenic impacts and development of environmental protection plans involve the assessment of their significance.The authors explain the methodology of substantiation of optimal siting of mining enterprises exemplified by Klen gold and silver deposit in Bilibin region of Chukot Autonomous District. Ranking of impacts produced by various factors serves as the basis for the procedure of the site selection. SWOT analysis of these factors must be completed. The factors of pollution and violation of the geological environment, pollution of surface waters and the water intake, atmospheric pollution, impacts produced on flora and fauna, and physical effects are discussed.A ranking pattern must be customized for each mining enterprise due to the wide variety of features that mining enterprises demonstrate (production patterns and technologies, master plans, natural and anthropogenic conditions).

Subject: for many centuries the yard was the social centre of residential development. However, the problems of its spatial organization often do not receive appropriate attention in modern cities. The city of Yerevan, in this sense, is also not an exception, where the new socio-economic conditions that emerged in the early 1990s led to radical changes in the residential development organization. Under this impact, a serious transformation has also been made to the yard space, which is the subject of this study. Research objectives: identification of the main stages of the yard space evolution in the residential building development of Yerevan in the 20th century and the revelation of its characteristic features. Materials and methods: the work is carried out on the basis of observations and published sources by the method of theoretical research, analysis and generalization of the material. Results: the work is composed of the following thematic subdivisions: the yard in the structure of traditional housing (in residential buildings of the 19th and early 20th centuries); development of the yard space in the new format of perimeter-quarter development (in the system of perimeter development of streets in the 1920-1950s); problems of yard organization in open compositions of building development (in the new forms of free building development by standardized elements in 1960s); attempts of yard restoration in the systematized compositions of building development (in the process of formation of large complexes of building development in 1970-1980s); loss of the yard space in contemporary conditions (in the residential building development formed since 1990s in the new socio-economic conditions). Conclusions: based on the results of the analysis, classification of the main stages of the yard space organization evolution during the last century is presented. This classification must be included in the process of the general study of development of residential architecture of Yerevan in the 20th century.

Issues of town-planning development of coastal territories and planning of their transport framework are considered. Town-planning ideology is largely based on typologies of various engineering-planning and architectural-design solutions of artificial elements urbanizing the space, strategically realizing the priority of preserving a natural environment favorable for living, comfort, sanitary and hygienic well-being, security, optimal organization and efficiency of transport infrastructure functioning. Subject: city embankments in the context of buildings adjacent to them. Goals: to define conceptual approaches and identify mechanisms of town-planning analysis of transport service in coastal territories. Materials and methods: scientific research was based on contextual, theoretical, empirical and practical analysis of city embankments. Results: the concepts and classification of city embankments created on the basis of projects implemented in different countries are presented. Conclusions: On the basis of these data it is possible to form comprehensive and specialized strategies for development of territories based on the need to formulate and solve various scientific and practical goals and tasks.

Subject: The buildings of the residential architecture of Yerevan of the 20th century make up not only a significant part of the city's housing stock but they are also the main components of the city’s image. Consequently, the study of architecture of these structures is important for solving the problems of city-building both in the present and in the future. In this context, a special place is occupied by residential architecture of the first half of the century one of the main features of which - the multifunctional structure - is the subject of this study. Research objectives: The goal of the study is to identify the features of the multifunctionality factor influence on the architecture of Yerevan's residential buildings of the first half of the 20th century. Materials and methods: The work was carried out on the basis of observations and published sources by the method of theoretical study, analysis and generalization of the material. Results: This work is composed of the following thematic units: the multi-use architecture and housing (i.e., the dwelling in the process of historical development of multi-use architecture); multifunctionality in the structure of the first multi-apartment houses of Yerevan (multi-use structure of apartment-houses of Yerevan in the 19th century); formation of the city’s multifunctional structure and the housing’s architecture (appearance of the city’s functionally integrated structure, formation of perimeter style of city-building, spatial organization of public services and their impact on the architecture of residential buildings of the first half of the 20th century); examples of multi-use residential buildings (some specific examples). Conclusions: The features of residential buildings caused by the multifunctionality of their architecture are identified as a result of the analysis and the key points of the results of the generalizing study are presented. These conclusions should be included in the process of general study of development of the residential architecture of Yerevan in the 20th century.

Russia as well as the majority of the countries of the world is a highly urbanized country (according to expert opinion 70 % of the country population are citizens). The situation is worsening by the fact that in Russia, as well as in the majority of European countries, USA and Canada, great territories not occupied with agriculture are almost fully littered with industrial and consumer waste - including from solid municipal waste to highly toxic and radioactive. Generally about 9 bln tones of waste are accumulated in Russia, which includes 1.5 bln tones of dangerous waste. Basing on the analysis of more than 100 waste disposal objects in Samara region the authors showed that within its boundaries 17 landfills are situated, which after deactivation are potentially suitable as donors of recultivation materials: secondary mineral soils and soil substitutes. Moreover the separate remediated territories of can serve as sets for constructing waste neutralization complexes. The ideas presented in this work were used for estimating the state and justifying the methods of landfill recultivation in Zhigulevsk (Samara region).

The main objective of the research was to study the migration of tritium as the most active radio-nuclide over radioactive waste storage landfills and to project the intensity of industrial pollution of water-bearing layers. Radioactivity is a distinctive feature of tritium. On the one hand, it promotes its extensive use in small quantities in various spheres of the human activity, and on the other hand, it produces a negative impact on the environment due to its ability to accumulate in cells. The author considers the issue of distribution of radio-nuclides both in horizontal and vertical directions to prevent or to limit their release into further zones of waste storage landfills.The proposed monitoring system detects the condition of storage facilities and adjacent zones from the viewpoint of environmental security. It is based on a reliable method of monitoring of the condition of structures. The objective is to ensure the security and further safe operation of depositories. The findings have also served as the instrument of evaluation of effectiveness of implementation of the proposed technology. The methodology assures a timely warning of potential danger due to the negative impact produced by near-surface storage facilities onto the environment in connection with the migration of radio-nuclides. Moreover, extension of the operating life of existing storage facilities may involve a substantial economic effect.

The authors analyze the problem of implementation of principles of "green construction" in the Russian Federation. Despite the availability of the appropriate legislation in the field of environmental safety of construction, there are no legal, social, or economic incentives that may boost development of "green" technologies.
Until recently, fundamentals of the state policy in the field of environmental protection of real estate development have not succeeded in motivating market players to implement advanced green technologies.
However, recently, the government has begun motivating the construction industry towards the use of "green" technologies. The first activity is aimed at improving the legislation and updating the international voluntary certification according to BREAM and LEED standards.
The result is the acceptance of the National Green Building Standard for real estate valuation that will open up new opportunities and prospects to the participants of the construction market. However, at the initial phase of implementation of "Fundamentals of the State Policy in the Field of Environmental Development of the Russian Federation", government authorities should provide their support to proponents of green buildings, including financial inflows.

This article analyses the impact of the excess of chemical agents in the snow on the environment and on the working waste water treatment facilities. The article presents some suggestions for improvement of regulatory requirements concerning design engineering of snow melting facilities in the water disposal system. This suggestion was substantiated to assess snow as waste disposed from road surface, and to register snow mass delivered to snow melting facilities in equivalent units. It is assumed that snow melting stations are facilities designed for waste treatment, and this is why the project documentation for construction of these facilities has to undergo a state expertise for Environmental Impact Assessment. Completed studies provide estimates of the receipted snow, its pollution, etc. But at the same time these studies serve as the basis for approving the necessity of developing a unified system for monitoring the city's snow-melting plants to ensure the reliability.

Mobile gas turbine plants (MGTP) are the key sources of power designated to improve the safety of power supply in case of power deficit. In Russia, their pilot launch was initiated 5 - 6 years ago, and since then, they have demonstrated their high efficiency. In view of the upcoming Winter Olympic Games, organizations responsible for continuous power supply have resolved to build three MGTPs in Sochi. As Sochi is located in the natural area of preferential protection that has been granted Federal significance, construction and operation of the aforementioned facilities requires a detailed geo-environmental due diligence. Significant efforts have been exerted to substantiate the accommodation of MGTPs in three different sites and to identify the maximal number of power generators per site with account for the ecological restrictions imposed onto the natural areas of preferential protection.
The impact produced by MGTPs on the environment depends on their technological features and the appropriate natural and anthropogenic properties of their sites and adjacent lands. Therefore, selection of new sites must be backed by the assessment of negative consequences. This requirement applies mainly to recreational lands. Recent sources report that the principal factors of negative impact of MGTPs include the chemical pollution of the ambient air and the noise pollution of residential buildings located in the immediate proximity to MGTPs. Factors of secondary importance include the pollution of surface and underground waters, soils, intrusion into the geological environment, production of waste, thermal and electromagnetic pollutions.
The authors assess different factors of impact produced by MGTPs on the environment. As a result of the geo-ecological due diligence it has been discovered that the maximal number of power generators per site must not exceed 2-4, if the oxide emission technology is employed. At the same time, failure to employ the above technology must prevent any MGTPs from being installed there. Noise pollution assessments have demonstrated that acceptable noise intensity will be exceeded at the distance of up to 300 meters from the MGTP. Therefore, construction of MGTPs requires noise protection arrangements, for example, installation of specialized noise-absorbing fences or screens. It is noteworthy that soil pollution, geological environment pollution, thermal and electromagnetic pollution may be disregarded due to inconsiderable period of time while MGTPs are in operation. Adjusted calculations and assessments are to be made at the stage of the project development.

Currently, prospecting and design-related works are performed prior to the upcoming launch of mining operations at Klen gold and silver deposit in Chukot Autonomous District. The anthropogenic impact of the geological exploration in this intact territory has been produced since 1984. A considerable amount of borehole drilling, prospecting, road building, and temporary housing development has been performed. The engineering research, including ecological surveys, has been completed to assess the ecological impact of upcoming exploratory and mining operations at the deposit. Assessment of the geochemical condition of the landscape constituents, including the soil, ground and bottom sediments is of special importance in terms of their engineering protection and rational management of the natural environment.
The above assessments were based on the field sampling made by «Sibgeoconsulting», CJSC (Krasnoyarsk) and the laboratory research made by accredited laboratories of Federal State Unitary Geological Enterprise «Urangeolograzvedka» (Irkutsk) and «Krasnoyarskgeologiya» (Krasnoyarsk). The analysis of the chemical pollution of soils, ground and bottom sediments is based on the examination of 30 samples.
Peculiarities of the chemical composition of samples extracted at the deposit were identified. It has been discovered that pH values of the soil vary from 5.1 to 7.3. The concentration of metal in bottom sediments exceeds its concentration in the soil by far. Almost all irregular features of the sample water in the whole territory of the deposit are caused by the anthropogenic impact. In general, the metal content in soils, ground and bottom sediments within the territory of the deposit is slightly different from the regular clarke.

In the article, the results of the research performed in the field of innovative development of enterprises are provided, and the main principles and the content of each stage of innovative development of construction enterprises in the new economic environment are developed on the basis of the research. Actions, proposed in the article, will ensure the implementation of the strategy of innovative development with a view to effective attainment of objectives of case management and successful adaptation of construction enterprises to altering factors of the media.

The authors demonstrate that the number of buildings in the world exceeds one billion according to the statistical data; their potential negative impact on the environment can be disastrous; moreover, the main cause of the ever-growing demand for buildings consists in the constant growth of the world population that makes the global environmental situation even more complicated.
As a main conception, the authors focus on the concept of sustainable development. They consider that the core idea of this concept is that the present-day generation should do everything in their power to preserve the natural environment and its resources for the future generations. The authors mention that back in the middle of the 20th century academician V.I. Vernadsky formulated the concept of the noosphere closely linked to the notion of sustainable development.
According to the authors, "green" construction can be considered as a vehicle for sustainable development of territories that accommodate construction sites. The authors define "green" construction as a comprehensive system of knowledge structured on the basis of design and construction standards. "Green" buildings demonstrate their high construction quality along with minimal costs and maximal comfort. Although a "green" technology is a new and not the simplest way of development, it has proven its incredible efficiency.
The major achievement of the authors consists in the classification of principles, approaches and available technologies that can be applied or are applied in the "green" construction to ensure the environmental safety of construction activities. The authors have also selected environmental, economic and social benefits of "green" construction and provided their recommendations concerning the implementation of "green" technologies in Russia.

Basing on life cycle analysis of building materials produced of waste products the authors defined the formation stages of environmental risks of adverse impacts on the environment. The studies have revealed that one of the main environmental risks is the occurrence of secondary emission of pollutants from building materials produced of waste products when used by the end-user, which is not taken into account by the existing regulatory documents defining the environmental safety of construction materials. The questions of prevention of the possible negative impact of the construction materials based on or with addition of production waste while their use on the environment and population as a result of a number of natural and anthropogenic factors, which can lead to negative ecological effects, which are difficult to forecast, are not regulated enough. In the present conditions of the absence of regulatory framework of their ecological safety the wide use of production waste for obtaining construction materials without account for the possible ecological risks may lead to technogenic burden exceeding the acceptable level.The authors defined the main ways to reduce the environmental risks when using the resource potential of waste for the production of building materials by reducing the emissions of these pollutants while reducing their permeability.