"Вестник МГСУ"

The strategic course on energy efficiency, resource saving, and environmental safety as a basis for sustainable development of our country brings to the forefront the issues related to ecological house construction or “green” construction. Now, these issues are of particular relevance and research and practical importance. In this article, the main principles (criteria) for ecological house construction have been defined, and an attempt has been made to formulate a normative and methodological justification for each of them, taking into account the generalization and analysis of the knowledge accumulated on this topic. The presented principles of ecological house construction are updated on the example of a specific territory and construction site. They are implemented in the construction business project of an autonomous energy-efficient complex “Eco-house” with innovative treatment facilities and resource-saving operation technologies in one of the most ecologically clean areas of the Moscow Region. The main objective of this project is to reach to a fundamentally new level of environmental and economic development of architectural and construction thought, considering the eco-house as a natural anthropogenic ecosystem with a positive ecological resource that provides autonomous existence, energy efficiency, resource saving and environmental safety as the main principles of sustainable development. The business project satisfies to all the town-planning, technical, sanitary-hygienic, environmental requirements for selecting a land plot for individual housing construction, its layout, construction technologies, construction materials, structures and products, residential buildings and premises, nature conservation facilities, resource-saving activities and recycling eco-house waste products into useful secondary products used hereafter in the eco-house processes of management and operation.

Effective environmental legislative acts, industrial regulations and Construction Standards and Norms do not comprise a consistent system governing rational use of natural resources. Inconsistency of regulatory acts, unavailability of a single approach or a methodological background backing the development of new and the update of effective regulatory documents causes inconsistency of engineering and ecological information. The inconsistency prevents any competent application and correlation of the information about the condition and properties of the ground and soils. The main objective of an engineering survey is the supply of trustworthy information to teams of designers. The quality of the engineering and ecological information stands behind the safety of buildings and structures. The quality of any environment-related information and data concerning any environmental protection measures is consequent to the quality of regulatory documents. In addition to their role in the built environment, resources of the lithosphere serve as the basis for the development of almost all branches of industry and other types of human activities. Effective legal and regulatory documents ignore the fact that subsoil resources serve as the material and physical basis of the living environment on Earth. Foundations of the Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics on Subsoil Resources served as the basis for their protection. The successor legislation includes in excess of 40 regulatory documents that govern the extraction of natural resources and losses that accompany the exploitation of their deposits. The principal acts include the Unified Rules Governing Protection of Subsoil Resources in the course of Development of Deposits of Solid Mineral Resources (1985) and other acts approved by the Principal State Technical Supervision Committee; the above Unified Rules have not undergone any substantial changes since the days of the USSR. The exception is the Subsoil Resources Law, although it has no state standards of protection of natural resources. The paper argues that an integrated approach is required to assure the protection of subsoil resources by taking account of diverse features of subsoil resources, land resources and soils.

Environmental problems arising during construction and restructuring of buildings and structures in urban areas are considered in the article. A brief analysis of the knowhow used in the course of construction and restructuring of new and old construction facilities shows that the construction works that are most hazardous to the environment consist in demolition of buildings or their parts using the explosive method of demolition and stone dressing using high-speed cutting and grinding machines. These types of work generate a lot of construction waste and dust harmful for the environment. Despite any scheduled environmental protection actions, construction wastes pollute each component of the environment to a different extent. Environmental protection is a complex problem of vital importance, and the international community must concentrate its efforts to tackle it as soon as possible.Analysis of unauthorized landfills and methods of urban waste management help local communities to develop and implement methods of environmental protection.New effective know-hows are employed to reduce the impact of soil pollutants and to prevent further pollution of urban ponds in the course of construction works within urban areas. Advanced patented methodologies have been developed at Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. They include the use of quick-setting substances capable of generating impervious elements. Implementation of these methods will reduce pollution of urban areas, their atmosphere, ground waters and ponds.The authors also describe particular aspects of the impact produced by the mining industry on the environment. Values of river water quality indices have been studied, and new effective actions aimed at protection of ponds from pollution are proposed. The actions prevent access of pollutants to the pond.

Resource saving, ecological safety, rational use of natural resources and environmental protection are currently the priority tasks in terms of implementation of the course towards a sustainable development of the Russian state. Transformation of waste into secondary raw materials for the manufacture of environmentally friendly construction products and other products makes it possible to resolve two problems at once: preserve valuable resources and reduce the environmental load. The article presents theoretical provisions and background for methodology of forming a model of complex system of construction waste treatment in terms of modern tasks for creation of new economically efficient, resource-saving, ecologically safe and waste-free technologies and processes in the industry, as well as the requirements of regulatory acts in the sphere of environmental safety, hazardous waste management, environmental protection and rational use of natural resources. The final target indicator of scientific research in this sphere is the minimization of waste amounts dispatched to burial facilities due to creation of optimal, reasonable from the technical-and-economic point of view, chain of complexes for treatment thereof, preliminary preparation for further recycling, including sorting, dismantling, cleaning, and disposal. Comprehensive assessment and subsequent reasonable selection of optimal scientific methods of research of factors, indicators and restrictions that form the constituent elements of methodology of creation of the economic and managerial model of the complex system of waste treatment, will be continued.

Methodology of research of economic efficiency of management and control of hazardous waste treatment includes determination and formulation of fundamental algorithms, guidelines and restrictions as the basic constituents. These make it possible to perform the research more consistently, in an unbiased manner, in the context of the set goals and objectives. The priority for formation of the model of the unified building waste treatment system is the determination of restrictions dictated by the legislative framework in the sphere of environmental protection, public health, waste treatment, radiation, fire and technical security, traffic and cargo transportation safety rules, urban planning, as well as by technological and economic conditions, territorial, natural and climatic features, industrial and production capacities, potential risks. The article considers various aspects of methodology of creation of economical model of the unified building waste treatment system generated with regard to the requirements of regulatory legal acts in the sphere of hazardous waste treatment, environmental safety, rational use of natural resources and environmental protection in terms of sustainable innovative development of the Russian economy at the present stage. Approaches to the unified building waste treatment system creation methodology proposed by the authors is an attempt to find scientifically based organizational and managerial ways of solution of urgent and crucial tasks of ecological security, energy and resource saving, conservation, recycling of waste into secondary products; the sustainable innovative development of the Russian state is impossible without the aforesaid solution.

Subject: technical and economic processes and aspects of handling wastes and secondary material resources; stages of transition of anthropogenic object of environment to wastes and secondary material resources; technical possibility and economic feasibility of using secondary material resources as a secondary raw material for making products, providing energy, works, services. The problem of economy and rational use of material and power resources is relevant and significant within the limits of maintenance of a strategic course of Russia on innovative sustainable development. In this article, issues of actualization and harmonization of the regulatory and legal base in the field of management of wastes and secondary material resources are considered from the viewpoint of maintenance of minimization of waste formation and maximum use of secondary material resources in an industrial-economic cycle, provision of economic incentives for innovative activity in the given field. The actual multi-plan problem, chosen here as a topic of research, concerns regulations in management of wastes and secondary material resources in construction complex, in which economic, civil-law, ecological, social, industrial and legal relations are closely coordinated and define a subject of the present research. Production and consumption waste is a dangerous anthropogenic object of the environment but at the same time, it is a valuable secondary material resource. The non-use of wastes to be recycled as secondary raw materials for energy generation, production and, as a result, their increasing accumulation in the environment causes irreparable harm to natural objects and human health due to their dangerous properties. Research objectives: scientific and methodological substantiation of legal regulation, economic basis for formation of wastes and secondary material resources management system (on the example of construction complex and building materials industry). Materials and methods: for conducting scientific research, we used guidance documents, standards, techniques, methodological recommendations, project and regulatory documentation in the field of environmental protection and waste management, published data and materials of domestic and international research on this topic. Methods of scientific research employed here are based on the use of comparative analysis, expert methods of indicators assessment. Results: we formulated proposals to update and harmonize the conceptual apparatus in the area of management of secondary material resources in the form of amendments to the current legislation, as well as proposals with regard to economic regulation methods in the area of wastes and secondary material resources management for introduction into the plan of implementation of the “Strategy for Development of Industry for Processing, Recycling and Decontamination of Production and Consumption Wastes for the Period until 2030”, approved by the legal act of the Government of the Russian Federation. Conclusions: the formulated scientific and practical proposals on the solution to the issue of handling wastes and secondary material resources can be used in formation of regulatory and legal framework and for planning actions in management of wastes and secondary material resources within the limits of implementation of the “Strategy for Development of Industry for Processing, Recycling and Decontamination of Production and Consumption Wastes”.

Issues of economic evaluation of investment projects to green construction are considered in view of the complex accounting economic, social, environmental factors within Green Standard requirements to construction of ecological facilities. The urgency of constructing autonomous, energy-efficient, resource-saving complexes and facilities that do not have a negative impact on the environment is growing every year. Despite the fact that the current cost of electricity received from a centralized network is lower than the cost of its generation from autonomous sources, the world trend is of a steady increase of the energy price and at the same time reducing the annual cost of autonomous mini-electric power stations on renewable fuel. This makes it necessary to look at a new way of solving the issues of energy and resource saving and energy efficiency in industrial and civil construction. The facility from Moscow Region is chosen as a particular example of estimating the performance indicators of an autonomous individual house construction facility with design solutions, technologies and activities applied for obtaining energy from renewable sources (solar and wind), saving water, recycling and reusing waste, minimizing the negative impact on the environment. Taking into account the current strategic course of Russian socio-economic development to sustainable development, authors of the article emphasize that a comprehensive ecological and economic estimation of investment projects to green construction is designed to encourage and reorient the subjective goals of construction production from achieving private profit by business entities and specific investors investing funds in the shortest economic result to the search of optimal available technologies, solutions, measures ensuring the growth of indicators of social, public, ecological efficiency, development of regional industrial infrastructure of environmentally safe, resource-intensive, energy-efficient industrial, civil and individual house construction.

Introduction. The approach to the creation of the methodological foundations of the innovative system of industrial and household waste management is presented. This will allow to implement the world principles of handling them: prevention of education, resource saving, minimization of burial volumes , energy production, including in industrial, civil, road construction, reconstruction and repair, as well as in the production of building materials. Materials and methods. The most common approach to conducting a scientific research is the analysis of regulatory legal acts, standards, methods, guidelines, project and regulatory documentation in the field of waste management, published data and materials of scientific domestic and foreign studies on this topic. The scientific study used the methods of factor, comparative analysis, expert assessment of indicators. Results. Scientifically based proposals have been formed in the field of sectoral strategic planning for the formation of a waste management system and secondary material resources, implemented during the development of the Industry Development Strategy for the Treatment, Disposal and Disposal of Production and Consumption Wastes for the Period until 2030, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation of January 25, 2018 No. 84-r. Conclusions. In of civil engineering, the proposed scientific and practical proposals for strategic sectoral planning of the waste-processing industry for the period up to 2030, the creation of an economic, organizational, managerial and legal mechanism for solving the problem of waste management and secondary material resources should be used in the formation of the regulatory framework and planning of promising measures for handling with waste secondary material resources in the framework of the development of the construction complex, construction materials.