"Вестник МГСУ"

For the first time classifications of soil in the base of buildings and structures were offered in the soil classification given in All Union State standard "Soil" 25100—2011. The soil masses can consist only of dispersed soil or of rocks and dispersed soil. In the second case strong rocks alternate with the precipitates which haven't received natural hardening. Classification tables are provided for the masses consisting entirely of soil, and also for soil masses of rocks and dispersed soil. For the second class the abbreviated name "SKADI" is offered. For the class of dispersed soil masses the classification by the principle of their origin is used: sedimentary, vulkanogenic-sedimentary, eluvial (aeration products), technogenic. For the class "SKADI", in which soil and rocks come together, the classification is: magmatic, metamorphic, sedimentary, vulkanogen-sedimentary, eluvial and technogenic. Subtypes are also classified by origin. For example, in the sedimentary soil type, the subtypes are: sea origin and continental origin. In the class "SKADI" in sedimentary type we distinguish: sea locally strengthened by nature, continental locally strengthened by nature, sea locally destroyed by aeration to the state of soil, continental locally destroyed by aeration to the state of soil, and mass of rocks with crushing zones. The reasons for the offered classifications are given and discussed. The offered classifications are intended for planning engineering-geological researches for construction. The reason is that the quantity of boreholes, types and number of tests of soil and rocks depend on soil class, type and subtype. The classifications can be useful in case of choosing the method for soil masses simulation to calculate the bases and to preliminary estimate the level of the base model complexity.

In this article we propose a classification for the masses of rock and soil, located in the bases of the buildings in permafrost zone. Classifications are made for masses consisting entirely of rock and soil with negative temperature, as well as for masses, including thawed soils and rocks. Updated in 2011 the Russian All-Union State Standard«Soil», which came into force in 2013, includes a classification of frozen soils, which are distinguished in a separate class. This is one of the differences of our inter-state standard, issued by the Eurasian Council for standardization, Metrology and certification, from the international English-language normative document (ISO). It is caused by the fact that on the territory of the European Union there is no permafrost soil, and only soils and rocks are discussed. In contrast, on the territory of Russia permafrost soil is widely distributed, in particular in the areas of extraction of exported raw materials. Permafrost is causing a significant, ongoing difficulties of construction and operation of buildings.The classification of soils in the Russian All-Union State Standard «Soil» and here is based on the type of physical and physico-chemical bonds between the particles in a soil. In frozen soils there are specific unstable bonds, due to the presence of ice. This fact calls for distinguishing the frozen soils into a separate class. In permafrost zone along with frozen soils that include ice, there are waterless soils and rocks with negative temperature. The list of soils in the permafrost zone, would be incomplete without:1) ice-soil (more than 90 % of ice), 2) chilled soil of the temperature below 0 °C, 3) soil with positive temperature. Cooled plastic or loose soils with negative temperatures lie in cryolithozone where there are soluble minerals or saline groundwater. Soils with positive temperature lie everywhere under permafrost at different depths, in summer they also arise over permafrost. In some places they occur in cryolithozone.In the classification of soils we will adhere to the principles set out in the first article of the series. In respect of the classes, we divide soils by the type of the bonds in them. Firstly, we single out frozen soils with the bonds created by ice, and, secondly, conditionally waterless soils with negative temperature, where there is no ice and bonds are physical and physico-chemical. For brevity, the second class of frozen masses is convenient to call the special soil of permafrost zone. At the level of subclasses we specify the classification by the same types of bonds in soils. In each of these two classes we detach subclasses: 1) rock mass, 2) disperse mass and 3) «skadi». Among the frozen soils there are specific fourth subclass — ice soils. The classification in respect of the types is made for masses consisting entirely of soils with negative temperatures, as well as for masses including thawed soils. The author offers justification and discussion of the proposed classifications.

Urban conditions are characterized by geographical and climatic features, geotechnical and hydrogeological conditions. But the main features are architecture, urban planning and engineering infrastructure solutions. This includes roads, water mains, electrical networks, sewage, heating system. Saturation of urban areas by engineering services depends on the size of the city, its population and climatic conditions. Metropoles and cities with long heating season are of particular importance in terms of this issue.The article discusses the need for full-scale investigation of the distribution of temperature field in the soil and underlying sediments during the engineering and environmental surveys in urban environment. In order to study the transfer of heat and moisture in clay soils and to assess its influence on their physical and mechanical properties the authors propose the principles of interaction simulation of the soil and the thermal field. We propose a preliminary methodology for monitoring the temperature and humidity of the soil mass under the influence of heat-conveying communications. Among these communications there are heating, water mains, hot water supply and sewerage.The location of the communications in the near-surface soil mass and the presence of sufficiently high temperature loads from mains are taken into account. To date there is no information on the monitoring of the nature of the distribution of the soils temperature field in urban areas and, accordingly, the spatial variability of the physical and mechanical properties of soils under natural conditions.The reason for it is in short term of geotechnical investigations for specified objects on the stage of project documentation development. Also in the conditions of a city it's almost impossible to place an experimental site with expensive facilities — wells and equipment and provide its safety for a long time (at last 1 year or more).The paper describes the laboratory setup and principles of equipment monitoring systems in field conditions, the basic principles of the experimental work techniques. The theoretical generalization of the results of methodological experiments and conduct large-scale field experiments is a challenge for further research.