"Вестник МГСУ"

The article covers the problems of reconstruction of the famous sculptural group designed by V.I. Mukhina «Worker and Collective Farm Girl», created in the 1930s for the Soviet pavilion of the universal exposition in Paris in 1937. The author considers the structural and cultural features of the monument and drives attention to the synthesis of architecture and sculpture in the pavilion designed by B.M. Iofan.The author also emphasizes some constructive features of the sculpture such as the scarf which is an important compositional and constructive element, and describes the process of preparation of the sculpture to construction in Paris and assembly in Moscow after The Paris World Exposition. The author touches the problem of the sculpture installation in Soviet period. The author performs a comparative analysis of the sculpture before and after its reconstruction and covers the aspects of construction works, including the construction of a new modern pavilion, or a pedestal for the sculpture.

The article covers a relevant historical and cultural problem of elaboration and maintenance of monuments of the military glory of 1812. The author considers various architectural and sculptural monuments illustrating heroic events of Patriotic war of 1812, built in the two Russian capitals - Moscow and Saint Petersburg in different historical periods, and also in primordial Russian towns, such as Smolensk, Vyazma, and Maloyaroslavets. Architectural and composition-related features of this or that monument erected against the background of historic events of the war of 1812 are analyzed in detail. The author demonstrates the links between architecture and sculpture within the framework of town-planning solutions implemented in the pieces that have found their places in the towns enlisted above.
The value of symbols of the Victory and Glory of the Russian army and the Russian people is marked. The names of the most famous heroes of this war, starting from a field marshal and ending with a soldier are inscribed.
By addressing the historical and cultural heritage of Russia, the author informs readers about the most significant events of the war. The author mentions an acute problem of the modernity, that is, preservation and restoration of monuments, and shares his view point.
The value of the historic and cultural heritage of Russia for military and patriotic education is emphasized. The article is prepared within the framework of the year of the Russian history.

Monasteries, their activity and lifestyle have always played an important role in the culture of various nations. Monasteries are objects of cultural heritage. Their architecture is connected with national features on a nation, particular canons of Christian (orthodox, catholic), Buddhistic or other religion. The article describes ancient monasteries in Russia amid the global development, historical national characteristics monasteries are analyzed, as well as architectural ensembles, reflecting the function and role of monasteries in public life, showing their spiritual and cultural heritage, monastic tradition, the historical value of the monastic landscape and its conservation conditions, the inclusion of the monasteries in the world cultural heritage is noted.

In the article the current state of quality supply of engineering surveys for construction is discussed. The main criteria for improving the design quality of buildings and structures for industrial, civil and other purposes is the reliability and adequacy of the results of engineering-geological surveys. The authors show the examples of inadequate study of engineering-geological conditions in the design of structures that led to emergency situations. Consideration of the reasons of accidents in structures showed that they are caused by lack of research conducted, the underestimation of the complexity of geological conditions. In the process of conducting geotechnical investigations the works were focused directly in the enclosure of a designed building, and the features of geological and hydrogeological conditions of the off-site were much more complex. In the process of construction during the sinking of the pit activation suffusion processes occurred, which led to an accident. Underestimation of the use of these geological funds in this example shows that even in the presence of fund materials, which are currently almost not increased, errors may occur due to the notorious savings for research. The requirements to ensuring the reliability and adequacy of engineering-geological surveys, which the authors call "The Rule of two D" (in Russian — Reliability and Adequacy), lie in the existing legal acts. The practice of fulfilling requirements to a large extend shows that the desire to save money at the stage of design and exploration works results in additional costs for additional design, recovery from accidents and works on a new project. The authors critically evaluated the development of engineering and geotechnical engineering instead of geological survey, which is not methodologically and theoretically substantiated and leads to the excluding from engineering surveys the consideration of the off-site geotechnical conditions directly below the designed structure. The authors give the recommendations for improving the examination quality of the results of surveys and recommendations on obligatory increase of geological funds.

Nowadays in Russian cities a significant part of the housing stock in areas of existing buildings has a high level of physical and moral deterioration, indicators of infrastructure elements do not meet the current and future requirements. Reconstruction of residential buildings is one of the important directions in solving the housing problem. This will allow us to not only extend the life cycle but also significantly improve the quality of housing, eliminate a communal settlement, provide the houses with modern engineering equipment, improve architectural expressiveness of buildings and increase their energy efficiency. For buildings of different construction periods an individual approach is required in the development of methods and technologies of reconstruction. At the same time, the process should take place not in a separate building but in a group of buildings, neighborhood or district. This makes it possible to undertake a comprehensive assessment of the urban development situation and make the most rational decisions to meet modern conditions, and provide logical connection between various architectural trends. At the same time, there are possibilities for compaction and decompaction of buildings, the rational use of inter-district, underground space and communication systems. Moscow region is a large region, which occupies an area of 46 thousand square kilometers. The region includes more than 38 municipalities (municipal districts, urban and rural settlements). The region’s population is more than 7 million people. Moscow oblast has a central location in the Russian Federation and a close relationship with the capital. This relationship with Moscow is manifested through common social, scientific, industrial, transport links, environmental protection problems, labor resources. In 2016 the total area of the housing stock in Moscow region was about 220 million sq. m. The total area of dilapidated and emergency housing stock is just over 2.5 million sq. m. In addition, a significant part of the housing stock needs major repair and reconstruction. In this regard, a priority when planning cities should be given to the renovation of buildings to create a safe and comfortable living environment. Subject: reconstruction of five-storey residential buildings of series 1-447 on the territory of Moscow region. Research objectives: development of volume-spatial techniques for reconstruction of five-storey residential buildings of series 1-447. Materials and methods: analysis of three most applicable options for reconstruction of buildings of the first mass series on the example of brick five-storey buildings of series 1-447. Results: for five-story brick residential buildings of series 1-447 we recommend volume-spatial reconstruction method with symmetric broadening of the building by 3 m and a superstructure up to 9 floors.

Subject: the new economy structure is directly related to the active application of digital technologies. Economic processes are more formalized and for making administrative decisions it becomes possible to operate in a greater degree with precise criteria and information than probabilistic assumptions. As a subject of research, new tools for managing construction programs and projects are presented. Research objectives: the purpose of the study is to formulate general principles and directions for the digitization of economic relations in investment and construction activities to ensure the effectiveness of implementation of new generation projects. Materials and methods: to achieve the goal, the article shows the composition of state programs and projects in the construction sector and the system problems of their implementation. Organizational methods of increasing their effectiveness are considered. Results: the most promising areas of implementation of new management tools for investment and construction programs and projects are identified. Conclusions: the article shows the current dynamics of changes in technical and socio-economic systems at the level of construction sector. It is pointed out that the tasks of socio-economic nature require the development of unique approaches since the peculiarities of Russian legislation, of the prevailing norms and rules of economic activity prevent the direct replication of successful foreign experience.

Subject: the results of the study are particularly relevant in the modern system of cyclical crisis generated by the change of Kondratieff’s long waves of economic development and technological structures. From the point of view of synergetics, these processes have the ability to trigger a new order having spontaneous transformation due to endogenous factors. Qualitatively predictable fluctuations in the socio-economic environment and management may lead to self-organization and sustainable development of the economic system. Construction and investment activity of Russia in the majority of cases was investigated by economists without a detailed understanding of system characteristics, inherent properties and laws, which are identified from the results of economic-mathematical modeling. Research objectives: 1. Timely and qualitative prediction of moments of crisis in the investment and construction activities of Russia; 2. Modeling of management activities for the purpose of transitioning to the desired path of development of economic system; 3. Creation of a model that is simple enough for practical use by economists and the use of public data sets in it; studying influence of the bifurcation diagram at a certain time and bypassing the critical points of the system that lead to undesirable outcome. Materials and methods: approximation of the statistical data sets, regression analysis, phase analysis, differential modeling. Results: The authors developed a mathematical model that allows us to use statistical data on investment and construction activities and accurately forecast the chances of recession of the system, and also identify the sensitivity of order parameters to the dynamics of control variables, bifurcation states and behavior of the object under certain management conditions. Conclusions: the paper presents an approach to modeling and forecasting the trends of development of complex cyclic and stochastic subsystem of the national economy - investment and construction activities. We developed economic-mathematical model based on differential equation of the second order, allowing us to use statistical data and predict behavior of the system depending on management actions. We identified the dynamics of the impact of control variables on the order parameter of the economic system under study in various time periods. The obtained results should be used in strategic planning and management of innovative development of investment and construction activities of Russia.

Subject: transformation of relations between participants of investment and construction process and their documentation due to accelerated introduction of BIM modeling technology and its spread to the full lifecycle of the construction object. Research objectives: study of the composition and structure of the unified digital environment formed on the basis of technological platform of information modeling in construction, and analysis of the current state of affairs in this area in the Russian Federation; research of directions and mechanisms of transformation of the investment and construction process in terms of two currently used models of implementation of investment and construction projects: disintegrated procurement and integrated procurement models. Materials and methods: systematic approach, statistical and comparative analysis and method of expert assessments were used. Results: we have established a three-component composition of a unified digital environment in construction, including technological platform based on BIM-modeling technology, and in relation to a specific object - its information model; information and analytical systems associated with the BIM-model and providing its information content and updating; banks of normative, technical and methodological documentation. The following directions of investment and construction process transformation are identified: • early involvement of the construction contractor in the project; • extended application of integrated engineering models; • strengthening the role of unified state customers in the construction system for state needs; • implementation of the mechanism of documented partnership between the participants of investment and construction projects. Conclusions: the main direction of development of the investment and construction process in the digital environment, formed on the BIM technology platform, is the formation of mechanisms for in-depth cooperation of participants of investment and construction projects at all stages of the object’s lifecycle on the basis of a wide application of integrated engineering contracts, centralization of management in the system of public procurement and development of partnership mechanisms on the basis of multilateral partnership agreements made by the participants of investment and construction projects. Implementation of these mechanisms will require the appropriate development of regulatory, technical and methodological bases, as well as amendments to existing legislation related to public-private partnerships and public procurement.

The authors consider particular methods, technologies and organizational aspects that may be implemented in the construction and renovation of pipelines using polythene materials instead of metals due to their economic and practical efficiency. It is noteworthy that the corrosion problem of steel pipelines is the phenomenon of metal destruction that reduces the throughput of pipelines and facilitates obstructions, juncture cleavages and water leaks as a result of reduction of service lives of pipelines. The authors analyzed the efficiency of polythene pipes from the viewpoint of hydraulic processes and the economic expediency; the authors identified that the polythene pipe’s throughput is 3 times as much as the one of steel pipes. Also, the authors determined the economic efficiency of polythene pipes: USD 0.5 million per 1 kilometer of pipeline.The authors take account of the technology-related aspect, as the water pipeline construction and reconstruction processes are limited by dense urban environments or due to the absence of overhaul factories in the close proximity to pipelines. Therefore, the results of the analysis evidence the efficiency of application of polythene in construction and reconstruction of pipeline engineering systems. It is highly resistant to abrasion and corrosion; it boosts the water flow velocity due to the low rough-ness of the internal surface; its service life is long enough, and its transportation is problem-free.

Subject: studies conducted in the Russian Federation and abroad have shown that the induced activity and activation characteristics of radiation shielding concretes are determined by chemical elements, concentration of which in the initial components can vary within the limits from several parts-per-thousand to percentages by mass. In turn, activated shielding structures are one of the sources of non-deactivated radioactive waste at the stage of decommissioning of nuclear plants. To reduce activity and volume of radioactive waste, the selection of compositions of shielding concretes for nuclear plants should take into account the content of activation-hazardous elements. Research objectives: the purpose of this study was to justify the necessity and possibility of creating a data bank on activation characteristics of structural and shielding materials for nuclear plants. Materials and methods: computational and experimental studies included the studies of a wide range of compositions of shielding concretes, activity and volumes of activated radioactive waste. Results: the most important chemical elements that determine the long-term induced activity of shielding concretes were identified based on the data of computational and experimental studies. The structure, content and information components of the database on activation characteristics of shielding concretes of nuclear plants were developed. Conclusions: we have justified the practical possibility of targeted selection of the least activated shielding concretes of nuclear plants at the stage of their design and construction as well as the possibility of modeling compositions of operating and decommissioned plants when performing predictive calculations of the activity of materials and volumes of radioactive waste.

Russia as well as the majority of the countries of the world is a highly urbanized country (according to expert opinion 70 % of the country population are citizens). The situation is worsening by the fact that in Russia, as well as in the majority of European countries, USA and Canada, great territories not occupied with agriculture are almost fully littered with industrial and consumer waste - including from solid municipal waste to highly toxic and radioactive. Generally about 9 bln tones of waste are accumulated in Russia, which includes 1.5 bln tones of dangerous waste. Basing on the analysis of more than 100 waste disposal objects in Samara region the authors showed that within its boundaries 17 landfills are situated, which after deactivation are potentially suitable as donors of recultivation materials: secondary mineral soils and soil substitutes. Moreover the separate remediated territories of can serve as sets for constructing waste neutralization complexes. The ideas presented in this work were used for estimating the state and justifying the methods of landfill recultivation in Zhigulevsk (Samara region).

The relevance of the problem of construction waste management has proven to be true, as the statistical data reflect an increase in the amount of construction and demolition works in the Russian Federation. The authors analyze the current standards, regulatory documents and requirements applicable to construction waste processing. One of the most important challenges is a need to develop production schedules (PSs) applicable to the processes of management of construction and demolition waste. The process of coordination of PSs, their structure and contents is considered in the article in detail. There is a need for universal construction waste management software programmes. Development of these software programmes can promote essential results in projecting, modeling and research of the properties of waste management processes.

Environmental problems arising during construction and restructuring of buildings and structures in urban areas are considered in the article. A brief analysis of the knowhow used in the course of construction and restructuring of new and old construction facilities shows that the construction works that are most hazardous to the environment consist in demolition of buildings or their parts using the explosive method of demolition and stone dressing using high-speed cutting and grinding machines. These types of work generate a lot of construction waste and dust harmful for the environment. Despite any scheduled environmental protection actions, construction wastes pollute each component of the environment to a different extent. Environmental protection is a complex problem of vital importance, and the international community must concentrate its efforts to tackle it as soon as possible.Analysis of unauthorized landfills and methods of urban waste management help local communities to develop and implement methods of environmental protection.New effective know-hows are employed to reduce the impact of soil pollutants and to prevent further pollution of urban ponds in the course of construction works within urban areas. Advanced patented methodologies have been developed at Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. They include the use of quick-setting substances capable of generating impervious elements. Implementation of these methods will reduce pollution of urban areas, their atmosphere, ground waters and ponds.The authors also describe particular aspects of the impact produced by the mining industry on the environment. Values of river water quality indices have been studied, and new effective actions aimed at protection of ponds from pollution are proposed. The actions prevent access of pollutants to the pond.

The authors consider several problems of radiation control in the process of construction operations. The authors describe sampling of radon, a radioactive gas which can be often found in the environment, and therefore, it may be the reason for cancer diseases. Residential houses represent the main source of ionizing radiation, given the fact that the time spent at home accounts for about 60% of the overall radiation exposure. Safe radon content values for residential and office buildings are provided in the article. Maximal acceptable doses of radiation, emitted by natural sources, in respect of office personnel (below 5 mSv per year) and residents (below 1 mSv per year) are identified. Maximal acceptable doses are regulated by the Russian Standard of Radiation Safety.Difficulties accompanying radiation control in the course of construction operations are described in the article. Field measurements of radon emissions from the soil surface have been taken in Russia for over 10 years; no other country has taken any measurements of this kind.The highest efficiency of radon protection is achieved at the stage of design of buildings. If regulatory requirements are honoured at the design stage, radiation protection turns a lot cheaper than elimination of high concentrations of radon inside existing buildings.

The authors analyze the problem of implementation of principles of "green construction" in the Russian Federation. Despite the availability of the appropriate legislation in the field of environmental safety of construction, there are no legal, social, or economic incentives that may boost development of "green" technologies.
Until recently, fundamentals of the state policy in the field of environmental protection of real estate development have not succeeded in motivating market players to implement advanced green technologies.
However, recently, the government has begun motivating the construction industry towards the use of "green" technologies. The first activity is aimed at improving the legislation and updating the international voluntary certification according to BREAM and LEED standards.
The result is the acceptance of the National Green Building Standard for real estate valuation that will open up new opportunities and prospects to the participants of the construction market. However, at the initial phase of implementation of "Fundamentals of the State Policy in the Field of Environmental Development of the Russian Federation", government authorities should provide their support to proponents of green buildings, including financial inflows.

Hydraulic turbine suction pipes at hydropower plants (HPPs) play an important role for providing high power indices of HPP operation. At the same time for channel type HPPs with vertical reactive hydraulic turbines curved large size suction tubes are used and this leads to great costs for their installation. That is why the significance of economic analysis for justification of the size of such suction pipes is underlined. Minimally possible sizes of curved pipes (height and length) are determined by hydraulic turbine normal operation requirements and are given in reference books. Nevertheless often such conditions arise when the correction of their size leading to their enlargement becomes inevitable. In particular, when there are rocks at a small depth below of the project position of the foundation slab it is feasible to increase a suction pipe’s height to place the foundation concrete on the strong rock. Or if it is necessary to make a motorway at the downstream side of a channel HPP lengthening of a suction pipe appears sensible. In such cases economic calculations are necessary on feasibility of suction pipe size change proposals. The use of an integral effect technique for such an analysis is proposed. The article provides a criterion for economic efficiency of the given technique. In conformity with it the calculations for a hydraulic turbine with 9 m diameter under acting head of 24 m are made. The calculation results are presented as graphs of dependencies of integral effect on varying parameters. The analysis of the results shows that a parameter being changed (suction pipe lengthening) has a distinct optimal value, which in the investigated variants is 2.5...3.0 m. Herewith a maximal value of economically justified hydrogenerator suction pipe lengthening satisfying the criterion adopted is in the range of 7.5...8.0 m. It is also shown that the value of the integral effect depends significantly on electric energy tariffs and the conditions of HPP operation.

The analysis performed by the authors has proven that the rate of growth of the active income of residents of the Rostov region is far behind the rate of growth of the value of residential properties. There is no need to wait for any improvement in the welfare of Russians, rather, more houses need to be built and new financing patterns are to be implemented in respect of construction sites that are going to accommodate residential housing construction projects.Given that the number of families affluent enough to buy housing is equal to 11.5 %in the Rostov region, resolution of the housing problem needs a comprehensive approach.Analysis of the value of land in the Rostov region proves that investment projects that contemplate low rise housing construction in the cottage communities or areas with low values of land, i.e. the areas selected by low-income citizens, should be treated as projects that need state funding. Favorable conditions for citizens wishing to build or to buy private low rise houses could be part of the “stimulus.”The authors have developed an improved mortgage lending pattern that incorporates programmes of incentives, supplementary social security payments, and a lower interest rate.

Monitoring of production resources is a large-scale and complicated measure, the results of which are necessary for the state and for private entrepreneurs. There are many approaches to conducting such a monitoring, which firstly base on the information request from the suppliers of the resources by governmental bodies. The authors offer a new approach to data collection, which takes into account the technical achievements of the Russian economy. The main instrument of this approach is geoinformation technologies.

Self-regulation in construction is characterized by a number of essential disadvantages, which reduce its efficiency. The authors justify scientific and methodological base of self-regulation, which includes the elements of the theory of change and self-organization. Introduction of self-regulation is considered as organizational and economical change, the life cycle of which is an implementation process of the projects of change. According to the lifecycle, key problem zones of self-regulation process are determined and a number of required economical and institutional changes are offered.

At the present time profound economic and political changes are happening in Russia, which directly influence the state and development speed of the construction industry. The consequences of the crisis affected business activity construction companies in Russia. The prospects of the further development of construction and investment sector are possible only in case of creation of competitive products: creation of construction objects with accound for market demands, application of modern construction technologies and high-quality materials, reduction of labour, materials, energy costs per unit of construction production, decrease of bureaucratization of the procedures and minimization of shadow economy influence on order distribution. This is possible only in case of efficient interaction of the participants of construction and investment sector. The author considers the concept of stakeholders and the problem of interaction of the participants of construction-investment sector due to the lack of attention of professional community to the corresponding field of knowledge - the stakeholder theory. On meso-level the diversity of functional roles resulting from the main provisions of this theory, greatly influences the strategic positions of the development of the field. The author also considers the use of bank guarantees and bonds and other issues for improving the sphere of activities of companies with a great number of stakeholders.