"Вестник МГСУ"

The current state of the resort towns and their diversification in Armenia are discussed in the context of sustainable development. Armenia doesn’t currently stand out among the tourist destinations of the world, despite its historical and cultural heritage and natural resources. In this article the town Jermuk is described, which is located in Vayots Dzor region of Armenia. Health centers and other infrastructures of Armenian re- sorts were built in the period of the Soviet Union; they were restored in recent times. The main development trends of Jermuk should follow the upgrade of already built resorts (their leading examples at the European level), at the same time creating more active environment in order to meet the requirements of local population and visitors, taking into account the surrounding natural landscape and its features. One of the important issues, which should be taken into account, is the problem of seasonality (the city has no money to give for the opportunity to diversify the tourism offer in winter), and the economy with the only activity (thermal function).Within a few years, Jermuk has rediscovered its perspectives and expresses the desire to acquire its place in the international market of spa tourism at a future date. Thus, the question of assessing the historical and cultural heritage is now one of the most pressing problems of the city, which is on the eve of important decisions on the future direction of resuming recovery services. For the revival and development of Jermuk in the medium and long term, and in order to identify urban and architectural interventions, we should note some important issues:Updating the thermal functions of the city: This area of Jermuk still attracts a large clientele in summer, mainly from Yerevan, the Armenian diaspora and from the former Soviet republics (mainly from Russia). At the same time, the increase in the tourist attraction level requires upgrading public-safety and recreational facilities in order to meet the current needs of national and international clients.Diversification of tourism offer: In order to cope with international competition, Jer- muk should diversify its summer travel offers for increasing tourist flows even during the winter season. In this context, it should also be noted that Jermuk has all the necessary conditions (mountain ranges and favorable climate of the region of Vayots Dzor, quantity and quality of snow in the winter) for the development of winter sports (downhill and cross-country skiing, etc.).Integration of the local population in the process of urban and economic development of the city is also important. Evaluation of Armenian culture in the context of economic development can only be achieved by relying on the skills of people.

The article shows that the negative trends in the cities development, especially their territorial "sprawling" contributes to the onset of the global environmental crisis. This call requires setting the city planners mind on noosphere thinking and establishing an adequate system of spatial development of the cities. The formation of compact city models "new urbanism", "smart development" can be considered a progressive response and a world trend. It fully meets the course of integrated urban development of the underground space.In order to overcome the significant gap on this issue between Russia and many foreign countries the urban policy needs to be updated (disclosure of the fundamental principle of sustainable development), methodologies and tools of developing underground urbanity should be developed. The authors propose such a change of the underground space as an integrated spatial and geoenergy resource with the commitment to the strategic evaluation of its development during the entire life cycle of underground construction projects.The co-authors take into account the environmental effects of the proposed development under the direction of modern paradigms of the biosphere compatible, viable and growing cities, as well as the capacity to organize their own groups. As a base model, we take a city as a complex system of natural and man-caused, containing a fiber space where underground space and underground structures is one of the layers. The instrument for this approach implementation may be a biotechnospherical humanitarian balance of the city, including the parameters of underground layers. In addition, the calculations of the information flow (Entropy) between the layers is of great importance. The sustainable development of the city is dominated by a stream of negative entropy.On this basis, for the conditions of Moscow the device tools "physical planning" should be used in respect of the characteristics of underground space development (strategic and territorial planning, urban design, etc.). This takes into account the specificity of the territories of the historical city centre and the periphery, suggesting different approaches.

In civil and industrial buildings there are rooms, the height of which is significantly smaller than in the plan. Such spaces are flat. Distribution of the reflected sound energy depends substantially on the ratio of length to width and to height. These relations have a significant value to downturns. In flat space the reflected sound energy remains constant height along and varies only in terms of the distance from the sound source. This feature can substantially simplify the formulas for determining the density of the reflected energy. In such areas (rooms of various offices, manufacturing plants, etc.), a large number of equipment and work sources uniformly distributed in the area with approximately equal acoustic power are usually located. The equipment leads to further redistribution of the reflected energy. The technological equipment effect on the energy distribution depends on its sound absorption and sound absorption characteristics of the room. In order to assess the effectiveness of acoustic absorption it is necessary to find a method of calculating noise regime in flat areas, which will take into account the features of noise propagation there. The article presents a method for calculating noise for civil and industrial buildings, taking into account the peculiarities of noise fields in these areas and the presence of the scattering and absorbing sound equipment. The method is based on a statistical approach to the calculation of the reflected sound energy. The proposed calculation method and the computer program can solve the problem by evaluating the noise regime at all the design stages of noise control.

Angola is a country with great economic potential, which can contribute to the solution of construction, architecture and social problems of the country in case of rational use of financial resources. The author focuses on the negative factors that prevent the health authorities from the efficient construction of large hospitals and clinical facilities in Angola. Brief description of the Angolan population is given. The article provides a brief overview of the climate and overall social health problems. Basing on the stated goals, the following problems are considered: Features of architectural and planning decisions of clinical facilities and a brief description of the existing hospitals. The article deals with those minor progressive changes in planning decisions and in the siting of health facilities. Space-planning decisions, the most rational options and requirements for building new hospitals in Angola. The author indentified the main factors that influence architectural solutions for the design and construction of medical facilities. The most rational design options for clinic hospitals were determined. The objectives of the study were formulated with a view to identifying architectural solutions in the construction of new clinical hospitals. The main objective of the study is to improve health care in Angola. The problems are considered in order to identify rational architectural design of new clinical hospitals.

This article shows the interdependences of territorial distribution of temples and their architectural-spatial and compositional features in St. Petersburg and the counties. The author revealed two different approaches to temple arrangement depending on the type of environment - in urban areas and rural areas. The construction of a temple in St. Petersburg was strictly regulated: its space-planning solution, accommodation, the place assigned for parish church, etc. The article draws attention to the particular choice of solutions, removal of land for construction, and certain architectural features of the temples. The author generally distinguishes four types of space-planning decisions of religious buildings: hall multiplex (The Basilica) in the form of a Latin cross, centric (cross dome as the most common types of churches), combined. In turn, these types of temples were correlated with various types of accommodation identified by the author. Spatial distribution of temples include: a) the location of temples in the natural landscape system and b) with respect to the location of the man-made temples' environment (historical and cultural), in correlation with the buildings and / or communications (land and water communications), c) the formation of a spatially-visual network (system) of the city and surrounding area. For a better understanding of the revealed dependences chronological phase analysis was used, since the time prior to Saint Petersburg construction and till 1850. The periodization of temple architecture development during 1703-1850 was identified. The period before Saint Petersburg was also considered, though less detailed. The stages are minimal chronological segments, within which settlement system was unified by spatial and social characteristics, as well as uniform rules of specific territorial, economic and social development. As chronological boundaries, specific dates of the events were identified, which determined the transition to new stages. This approach allowed to gradually track changes in the methods of selecting and placing three-dimensional solution of various temples. The studies revealed that the temple was a member of the system, which includes urban development, individual settlements and their groups, the natural landscape. They were all interrelated, representing the idea of continuity, harmony with each other and the environment (natural and manmade). Such an organic fusion of church and surroundings have a mutual influence: the temple on the environment and the environment on the object.

The currency of the topic covered in the article is not only the necessity of national cultural traditions revival, but also the possibility of applying the restored historical objects in modern life as multifunctional cultural and touristic complexes. At present, this is one of the most prospective tendencies in tourism, entertainment industry and educational programmes. The revival of historical estates and cultural traditions is nowadays insufficiently used but inexhaustible source for economical and cultural development of Russian regions. Attracting investments allow preserving ancient buildings in future. The Demidovs’ estate “Sergievskaya dacha” in Almazovo (belonged to the Demidovs, the Ural owners of mines and metallurgical works) is an object of historic and cultural interest of Federal significance and it is of great scientific, educational and architectural value. To date the published information about the estate is laconic and sometimes contradictive. The results of historic and architectural researches based upon detailed study of literary materials and especially archives are offered in the article. All building stages of the estate are considered. Unique unpublished drafts of demolished and not erected (because of a disease of the owner) buildings and elements of landscape architecture, which form an entity of the whole complex, have been discovered by the author. The scientific importance of researches carried out by the author consists of the possibility (to the great degree of trustworthiness) to reconstruct the building history of the whole estate complex. The volume of the obtained information allows to speak of the possibility of the estate restoration and to work out the project for its new contemporary usage as a museum of the noble family way of life. This will encourage the development of tourism in the region and draw the attraction of investments in order to preserve the estate.

Transformation of a two-dimensional composition into a volumetric and spatial solution is based on the abstract art painting. Theoretical part of the style of the twenties laid the basic groundwork for this solution. The group "Unovis" under the supervision of Malevich aimed to create the "Suprematic Utilitarian World": the development of a new architecture, a new ornament and new forms of furniture, as well as a new type of a modern book. The theory of P. Mondrian and the group "Style" had a tremendous effect on the architecture of the twentieth century, and first of all due to the “Bauhaus” school of design, that clearly represented the rationalistic principles of architecture. Originated in art a new understanding of the material world was reflected in architecture in the most striking and decisive manner. It can be illustrated by the example of modern prominent architects who also use the methods created by artists of the early twentieth century. For example, a designer and architect Zaha Hadid uses this method in many of her projects. When modeling her future projects she designs a volumetric and spatial conceptual model - composition of desired architectural space, using suprematic composition as a basis. Modeling method makes it possible to solve a range of problems competently and methodically interesting. Their solution is necessary for the architectural practice, conceptual design and training. Among the tasks lying "on the surface" of architectural creativity we can emphasize the following: 1. Abstracting. The aim is to design a volumetric and spatial conceptual model - a composition of desired architectural space, which will reflect reality from a new angle. 2. Conceptualization allows to reveal the main idea, the basic concept, the design principle in artistic activity, to investigate the conditions of functioning and aesthetic perception of architectural work in general. 3. Defining the structure and variability in the modular design of architectural objects. In the work, the author has investigated the process of environment volumetric and spatial solution based on planar images. Study of certain laws, clearly seen in the practice of many contemporary architects and designers, has been oriented on identifying the main principles for the development of graphical models of composite grid to create a new space.

The article deals with the problem of urban planning of new social space of metropolises in order to involve Hi-hume technologies in this process, which are formed under the decisive influence of information technologies. Centrifugal tendencies are strengthened in the process of urbanization. The metropolis reflecting the diversity of its functions is turning into a "space of stream" with a polycentric structure, imbued with functional links. The need for reverse social bonds makes it necessary to create an effective communication interaction by means of modern architecture and urban planning decisions. Hi-hume technologies are presented as ones that provide a certain human behavior to create a harmonic friendly and self-sufficient environment. The space activity of people (in a professional sense - the activity of an architect) in the intention boiled down to design and distribution of meanings within a universal theoretical and methodological system or to formation of the "urban artifact" in a unique historical and cultural context. There are specific examples of formation of the 21st century metropolis: the projects of complex development of the Big Paris and in Russia - the project of the Big Moscow. The increased sociability (of a human being) is the subject of philosophical reflection over the interpretation of the new form of sociality as essentially communicative. Le Corbusier gives an idea of the primacy of the internal space over the external in the world-view of a person and suggests the necessity of sustaining spatial immune systems to protect a person against the absorption in social superstructures. Architects defend the idea of the "emotional experience of emptiness" necessity by the residents of cities. Hi-Tech has outpaced the development of the social sphere. And significance of Hi-hume technologies is that they contribute to social selection of individuals, who are the conductors of their impact.

In everyday life we constantly face absurd things, which seem to lack common sense. The notion of the absurd acts as: a) an aesthetic category; b) an element of logic; c) a metaphysical phenomenon. The opportunity of its overcoming is achieved through the understanding of the situation, the faith in the existence of sense and hope for his understanding. The architecture of absurd should be considered as a loss of sense of a part of architectural landscape (urban) environment. The ways of organization of the architecture of absurd: the exaggerated forms and proportions, the unnatural position and apposition of various objects. These are usually small-scale facilities that have local spatial and temporary value. There are no large absurd architectural spaces, as the natural architectural environment dampens the perturbation of sense-sphere. The architecture of absurd is considered «pathology» of the environment. «Nonsense» objects and hope (or even faith) to detect sense generate a fruitful paradox of architecture of absurd presence in the world.

Most parts of Iran have water shortage, so we do regard it as a land with limited water sources. At least Iran is not among the lands having high water levels. In Iran water is considered a holy element, and having a garden for relaxing was one of the concerns of Persian ancestors. Therefore, Persians really tried to create gardens to associate with Paradise in their minds. Persian garden is one of the best effects of meaning that has come from Persian beliefs. Persians have become experts in creating gardens and their unique style is now one of the four main styles in designing gardens. The most amazing element in Persian gardens is water, because it is a land, where there is no rain for six-seven months in the year and people always pray for rain. Every year there is a great religious ceremony appealing to the God for rain.

Soviet architecture between 1917-1932 gave us the examples of genuine artistic and engineering design chef-d’oeuvres. The rationalism and constructivism were two main inseparable groups of modernist Soviet architecture. In 1922 leaders of rationalism - Nikolay Ladovskiy, Vladimir Krinskiy and Arthur Loleit founded ASNOVA (Association of New Architects). In 1925 Moisei Ginzburg, Alexander Vesnin, Viktor Vesnin and Ivan Leonidov founded OSA (Association of Contemporary Architects). Both of these organizations created well-known architecture of Soviet avant-garde. Russian civil engineers and architects maintained close comprehensive relations with their western colleagues. “Iron Curtain” became nonviolated border twenty years later. For the whole period of time since October (until 1932), Communist party demanded the collaboration between Soviet, European and American architects. Russian constructivists and Le Corbusier had very close and intensive relations between each other. OSA maintained regular contacts with Bauhaus (especially with Walther Gropius and Hannes Meyer). Their common principles and patterns enriched the architecture of the 20th century round the world. The Constructivist Narkomfin Communal House (Moisei Ginzburg and Ignati Milinis, 1930) from 1931 enhances the dynamism of the building’s innovative construction and utopian idealism. While Ginzburg had great success in the mid-1920s, he, along with the experimental architecture of the period, had fallen out of favor by the mid-1930s. Unlike the other examples of the lost vanguard, Narkomfin House isn’t ossified in both form and function. However, here the clean lines of the avant-garde are buried and muddled beneath the everyday needs of human inhabitants and the neglect of time. Despite of the foresaid, it remains an enduring symbol of this first epoch of Soviet history.

For more than 20 years the author with his colleagues conducts engineering researches, design of restoration and reconstruction of various architectural monuments. Full cycles of works from engineering investigations to implementation of the own projects are executed on three objects: 1) architectural monument of the 19th century, the church in the museum preserve Abramtsevo (Moscow region), during 2005-2006; 2) a monument of Orthodox church history, a unique soil construction which is called "The Holy Ditch" in the village Diveevo (Nizhny Novgorod region) since 1997 to the present; 3) Church of Our Lady of Kazan also in Diveevo village during 1997-2002. For churches engineering researches are executed, calculations of the bases are made, ways of strengthening the bases are chosen, architectural projects of restoration are created. The church is restored by students under supervision of the experts from the university. The church in Diveevo was partially destroyed during the Soviet period. During restoration high-rise parts of the church were constructed. The works were performed by working restorers under control of the author of article in 2002-2004. Participation of students, masters, graduate students in restoration works had great educational value, gave to young people experience and knowledge. Students studied under professional restorers. Generalization is given in summary. D.S. Likhachyov's theory and our own experience are used. The principle of reconstructing barbarously destroyed engineering constructions, buildings and architectural complexes is formulated. It corresponds to the realities of the 21st century, new technological capabilities and requirements of modern society. Briefly: the reconstructed structure, in our opinion, has to face not only the past, but also the future. It is not always necessary to create the exact copy of the lost construction. Recreating the destroyed construction, it is necessary to apply new materials to increase the reliability and eliminate constructive imperfection of ancient constructions together with preserving old forms. Buildings and constructions have to be under construction anew mainly for performance of former functions, but the buildings have to meet modern requirements on the equipment and internal planning, modern technical norms. The project of the lost building needs to be made taking into account the change of environment. These provisions were successfully incarnated in the process of construction of St. Ditch in Diveev and they are also illustrated on the examples of the reconstruction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow and Frauenkiche in Dresden.

The noise state in buildings is a general process of sound energy distribution in the building volume. The sound energy emerging in separate rooms falls on enveloping structures of the rooms and penetrates to the adjacent volumes. In this case the enveloping structures of the noisy rooms become the sources of noise for other rooms. In public buildings flat rooms widely occur, in which the noise from technical rooms often penetrate. The authors observe the principles of evaluating indoor noise in a flat, which penetrates from adjacent premises through the walls. The method of calculating sound pressure levels in rooms is offered. The method takes into account the patterns of direct sound distribution from the flat noise source (wall) and the conditions of the reflected sound field creation in flat space of finite and infinite length. The direct sound energy distribution character is determined by geometric parameters of the wall shedding the noise. The method provides the desired calculation precision of the sound pressure levels.

Russian manorial estate, the importance of which for the Russian culture can scarcely be exaggerated, is an original and many-sided phenomenon, in which all socio-economic, historical and cultural processes of Russia are focused. Having come into being as dwelling and house-hold complexes, the estates gradually formed cultural framework of Russia in the period from the middle 18th to the end of 19th centuries. In connection with changing social conditions taking place in the 20th century and the loss of their primary meaning only the small part of the estates is conserved today and we are standing at the edge of loosing this invaluable layer of our cultural heritage. In recent years the attempts to revise our history have given positive improvement of public treatment of our historical and architectural heritage. As a result the public interest to the national phenomenon of estates provoked strong impulse to study and to accumulate information about them, but unfortunately did not answer the question how to use this heritage under present-day conditions. The legislation changes recently and the creation of programs and nonstate charitable funds give the hope for the positive improvement in the reconstruction of estates and involving them in the contemporary life. Possible variants of usage of historical settlements as well as estate and park complexes having the great scientific and cognitive and architectural value are considered. The revival of the historical estates together with the national cultural traditions is still not developed enough, but it is an inexhaustible source for the economical and cultural development of Russian regions.

The present article discusses some problems of renovation and modernization of large-panel residential buildings built in the postwar period in Yerevan. The analysis of the current situation showed that today these buildings have many problems related to their functional and aesthetic aspects of quality and become obsolete. The floor plans don’t satisfy modern functional requirements of inhabitants: similar and repeatable types of buildings became the reason of large arrays of monotonously built up districts with low indicators of quality. Furthermore, there are many low quality extensions and add-ins to the buildings made by inhabitants without control, which destroy the architectural appearance of habitat. Yard places of large-panel residential buildings are occupied by car parks and road travel, buildings are cut off from courtyard areas, which as a consequence don’t meet tsocial and functional requirements of the people. The consideration of the international experience of large-panel old housing renovation in European countries has shown that the main activities include improving the energy efficiency of residential buildings with removing heat loss and using solar panels, contrast changes in architectural appearance with large terraces, loggias, using wide range of colors, add-in attics and enlarging the height and the use of space-planning decisions to increase the living space. Analyzing the current situation of the housing and the international experience of modernization the concept of complex modernization of large-panel buildings was offered, which suggested bringing it to life on three main levels of habitat: apartments, building shapes, residential environment and areas. The main goals of the concept are increasing the comfort of planning decisions as well as the total size of the apartment, improving architectural appearance of the building and introducing areas for public services to housing, increasing energy efficiency and creating green areas at all floor levels, achievement of individual style of the buildings and the possibility of an easy transformation, increasing the effective use and the ecological status of a yard.

The article considers the problems connected with new offers on a daylight factor design in premises with roof natural lighting system with account of lighting effect of surrounding buildings. The offers for daylight design are based on a hypothesis of possible use of some design points for side natural lighting of interiors in the design of roof natural lighting. This is connected with a need to account for a lighting effect of neighborhood buildings. This effect must be considered in the case of lighting design for underground or sub-around buildings. These theoretical offers were confirmed with practical experiment results. The problem, discussed in the article has been stated and analyzed before by a number of domestic and foreign authors. These questions arose mainly because of the broad developing activity in the construction of underground and below-ground buildings and structures, mainly bound with public premises. The need of such development can be explained by the lack of vacant city areas, especially in the central parts. Moreover, the construction methods of such a development are much simpler, as compared with traditional construction technologies of above-ground objects. As for indoor lighting conditions in the underground and below-ground buildings, the only possible way to provide sufficient lighting of interiors is an implementation of roof lighting system in the form of skylights or monitors with one-side or two-side glazing. It is obvious, however, that these roof lighting units are influenced by shadowing effect of the surrounding buildings, which can decrease the incoming light flow to the interiors. This point is the main one, which forced the authors to investigate this scientific problem.

This article presents some results of the author’s dissertation research dedicated to formation of an architectural typology of high urbanized multifunctional units of urban structure of the largest cities (further HUMUUS) as centers of social activity, which include buildings, constructions, transportation equipment and open spaces, where human flows transpose, start and end with the purpose of bringing into this space a concentrated maximum of goods, services and information with minimum time expenditures. This article draws attention to the development analysis of the structure-forming functions of HUMUUS and their town planning and environmental impact on the surrounding area. The study of planning structures of the largest Russian cities (Samara, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod) made it possible to identify a number of main objects, in which structure-forming functions of HUMUUS are materialized: railroad complex (historically formed, developed, dominated, system-wide road junction), transport interchange hub (providing intraurban messages), public office and business centers, leisure and entertainment centers, shopping centers. Basing on researches of Russian and foreign experience, it is possible to predict with full confidence the following trends and streams of environmental and urban development of HUMUUS in the near-term perspective: Strengthening of the environmental and urban frame by network evolution of HUMUUS; Inclusion of green areas of HUMUUS in the system of citywide green areas; Increment of the interest of the investors to the public road junction for the purpose of reorganization of them to full HUMUUS with all characteristics of high-urbanized and environmental and urban reorganization (separation of traffic and pedestrian flows, maximum capacity, multiple-level system, multifunctional, increase in landscaped green space, reconstruction of engineering systems and communications, the use of modern ecological building designs and finishing materials); Preferential development of the intracity HUMUUS with all the characteristics of intensification of using space (reduction in area of transporting communication with the help of multilevel junction, increment of a number of stories in a building, the use of the levels of the underground space, mechanization of horizontal communication, release of the territory for planting, use of intelligent eco-stabilizing systems of control and management of functioning HUMUUS); Development of the territorial growth trends of HUMUUS with reconstruction of the functional processes and environmental settings in joint junction area; Emphasis of landscape and recreational areas development; Strengthening the role of creation of living environment and planting in the existing urban planning and functional HUMUUS.

The article includes an analysis of the influence of the natural conditions of the region on the structural and stylistic features of Arab architecture. National architecture depends on the features of natural-climatic conditions of the region: geographical location (the climate, terrain, building materials), seismic activity, geological structure. The Muslim architecture was influenced by: high seismic activity; the lack of wood; dry and hot climate; high temperature drops in the daytime and at night. These are the peculiarities of Asia. The Arab countries are located in several climatic zones: in subtropical, the Northern tropical and subequatorial zones. The climate here is hot and arid. Forests grow only on some slopes. A significant part of Africa and Arabia is situated in the area of the desert. In Syria forests are found only on the Eastern slopes of the mountains. There are stunted coniferous and deciduous trees. These trees are thin, low and unsuitable for construction purposes. In Iran forests grow on the Northern slopes of the Mount Elbrus, at the altitudes of up to 2500 m, and on the coast of the Caspian Sea. The Central Iranian plateau has almost no vegetation. There is very little rainfall (100...250 mm per year). The air cools down quickly at night. There are also large diurnal and seasonal temperature changes. Rock formation is weathered therefore the sandy-clay deposits are formed. They are suitable for making bricks. The clay in the form of bricks was used as a building material. The unfired adobe was used too. It worked rather well in dry climatic conditions. The widespread use of the adobe influenced the color of the buildings - they were the color of soil. The wood as a construction material was scarce, so in large spans domes were built. Vaults and arches were built without the use of scaffolding and cradling. This influenced their shape. Wood is only used for architectural elements of palaces (rare wooden tall columns, ceilings and window grates made of wooden elements) and for construction of ceiling of traditional houses. Thin and uneven beams were unsuitable for the interior of the palaces.

Long rooms often make substantial contributions into the noise energy distribution inside buildings. Application of methods of theoretical geometry to the analysis of sound energy distribution patterns in hallway-like premises can cause considerable errors in the implementation of noise protection actions.The method of noise analysis based on statistical principles is proposed in the article. It originates from one-dimensional quasi-diffusive representation of a sound field in long rooms. Interrelation between the stream and the density gradient of reflected sonic energy, as well as consideration of the energy balance in respect of elements of extended room make it possible to design a mathematical model of a stationary noise field in the form of a differential equation that has boundary conditions. The authors have developed a numerical model of a differential equation based on the statistical energy approach using the Zeydel method of simple iterations, and a software programme designated for the analysis of noise fields of long rooms. The Zeydel method demonstrates its high efficiency as it has proven fast convergence of results and takes up a small amount of computer memory because of the tape-like shape of matrix coefficients of the system equations. Comparison of analytical and experimental data has demonstrated high precision of calculations made for rooms that have various acoustic and spacelanning parameters. The method can be used to design sound proofing actions inside premises of civil and industrial buildings.

The article covers the problems of modernization of buildings of research institutions and, in particular, the future use of existing buildings, that is, their restructuring and adjustment to new objectives, or demolition and construction of new buildings instead of demolished ones. The authors highlight functional, technological, structural and compositional constituents of this problem. The authors provide examples of buildings restructured both in Russia through the involvement of the authors, and worldwide. Their conclusions represent a list of major issues that need to be resolved as part of the decision-making process concerning the future use of buildings:availability of layout plans of the building to accommodate the proposed functional processes as well as flexibility in terms of any future changes;assessment of potential improvement of the architectural environment in terms of reduction of functional connections, provision of formal and informal communications, and improvement of visual connections;the load bearing capacity of building structures, including floors and ceilings slabs;sufficiency of the floor height;suitability of existing technical rooms and shafts and possibility of their extension to assure a flexible layout;assessment of the working capacity and service life of structural elements of the building;selection of the applicable technology and sequence of works to ensure a minimal impact produced on the operation of an enterprise; the need for temporary facilities and the cost of relocation of existing services and business units.