"Вестник МГСУ"

On the basis of the scheme of mental map the methodological sequence of educational technologies on the initial stages of high school training on architectural discipline is considered. Dichotomy of architectural activity is specified: both design and implementation process supervising.Professional consciousness of an architect is a subject of development, analysis and selection of design options and an object of creative skills accumulation, both orthodox, which includes mastering of technical disciplines and compositional−art skills, and transcendental, supervised by psychological mechanisms, in particular, associative thinking.

The article presents the point rating system for the students-athletes of the Department of Sport Development in Wrestling, which used various indicators of the wrestlers all-around training. The training is divided into a number of modules: speed qualities and endurance; speed-strength quality and flexibility; technical training; functional training; agility and coordination; theoretical training; personal characteristics, moral, strongwilled preparation and self-preparation.Each module corresponds to a certain number of points: from 0 to 20,from 0 to 15,from 0 to 10,from 0 to 5.Using the proposed point rating system evaluation for the students-athletes in wrestling, the training level of the athletes in each of the modules is determined. The range of point values, corresponding to the maximum form are 90—100 points ("excellent").Evaluation of the "good" range is 70—89 points, "satisfactory" — 50—69 points, disappointing — from 0 to 49 points.The authors offer the comparative analysis of the dynamics of high-speed performance and endurance, speed-strength qualities, functional training, agility and coordination, theoretical training and personal qualities of the academic team in wrestling during the summer and training camp of 2013.The objective information, obtained from the routine tests of physical, psychological and functional status of an athlete, the major indicators of his physical fitness, gives the opportunity to effectively manage the training process improvement of the athletes, ensures the steady increase of sportsmanship.The research results of the functional training and the physical qualities of studentsathletes during the preparatory stage of the training help to make the necessary adjustments in time and to bring the wrestlers to the top form till the main student competition.

The article reveals the possibility of creating and implementing teaching conditions for the rational organization of the independent work of first-year students in state of adaptation to the study of the course of engineering drawing. Theoretical and methodological aspects of students’ independent work are presented: types and forms of organization and control, training and methodological support of their independent work. The authors used such an approach to independent work organization: teacher-led classes during the main types of training activities (lectures, practical and laboratory work); form of organization of training (extracurricular), and also self study using innovative teaching methods promotes creative activities of students and the development of competencies of a future skilled construction industry professional. The role of modern information and communication technologies in independent work of students was specified. According to the degree of coverage of students, taking into account individual characteristics and different levels of preparedness, the following forms of independent work organization were detached: individual, differentiated and front.In the process of engineering graphics studying it is recommended to use the following basic forms of independent work: ongoing work with the lecture material; selection and study of literature and electronic sources of information on the problems of the discipline; preparation for the main classroom training; performing calculation and graphic works; work in student scientific societies and carrying out research work; participation in scientific conferences, seminars and other. Emphasis on the formation of students’ skills in working with different types of educational and scientific literature, the ability to analyze, organize information in electronical library systems, open educational resources.

The paper presents a critical analysis of the major deficiencies in the presentation of the topic “redox reaction” in a modern high school chemistry course. The authors propose new methodological approaches to teaching of this subject. When generating the redox equations by electron-ion balance it is preferable to take the change in the oxidation as the basis, but not the balance of ion charge. The circuit of any redox reaction, if it takes place in a solution and can assume the formation of more than one strong electrolyte with different ions combinations, the products cannot be specified in molecular form. The equations of redox reactions, in which there are two reducing agent (or two oxidizer), which represent different substances, or as a result of which two products of oxidation or reduction are formed, are incorrect, as they reflect the parallel reactions.

The author focuses on the analysis problems of the main metrics of scientific productivity for the faculty in the USA universities specializing in the investigations and teaching in the field of urban planning. The increasing role of the Internet is highlighted in the process of communicating the ideas of planning scientists to the professionals and public, extending the reach of academic communications and possibilities of estimating the quality of the investigations and impact. Using case study the methods of applying webometrics for citation analysis in the Internet are investigated. The analysis focused on the main criteria: productivity, visibility, reputation, and impact. The article proposes an expanded approach for estimating general scientific popularity and impact of academics in the Internet, which includes publication analysis in frames of “gray literature”, teaching and outreach activity, which may also be a significant part of the scientific activity. The author stated the importance of academic visibility estimation both for promotion, improving competitiveness of a faculty member on the labor market in the sphere of educational services, and for urban planning schools’ development in general, raising their reputation, prestige and impact, getting the opportunities for financed researches, consolidating the positions on the global educational and science market.

The main objective of couches employed with MGSU Department of Physical Training and Sports consists in the improvement of the quality of physical training of specialists. Attainment of this objective requires new incentives, advanced knowledge sharing and dissemination technologies.Development and implementation of the software programme responsible for the monitoring of the psychophysical health of students and available 24 hours a day is one of the challenges of Department of Physical Training and Sports. One of the most important tasks to be solved by lecturers of higher education institutions is to teach students to assess their health. This task may also involve development of a software programme to serve as a uniform source of information needed for effective interaction between coaches (lecturers) and students.The software is being developed by Department of Physical Training and Sports in collaboration of Department of Mathematics and Informatics. When the software is in operation, the coaches will be able to monitor the physical condition of students. The software programme will also analyze the health data within the entire period of training of each student at an institution of higher education. All data will be automatically processed. The software programme will be a good self-check diary available at any time. All data entered into the database will be strictly confidential. Each registered student will have a personal page protected by the password and the login name; however, access to the general database will be available to lecturers and coaches who will be responsible for adjustments to personal health improvement and physical training programmes.

The authors argue that professional psycho-physical training of MGSU students is to be based on a personality oriented approach due to varied levels of health, physical fitness and medical groups of students. A personality centered approach in physical training contemplates individual health improvement programmes, innovative technologies, consideration of comprehensive health monitoring data and implementation of individual training sessions developed for MGSU students with a view to their higher motivation in terms of their motion activity.Each MGSU student is to take physical training tests. They serve as the basis for individualized recommendations that encompass individual health improvement programmes and physical condition improvement plans. Coaches are to provide their advice at each stage of the process of testing and improvement of the physical health of students.The authors argue that the personality oriented approach generates a double benefit: besides its health-related bonuses, students get more involved in practicing physical training exercises and sports.

The authors argue that today the labor market in the construction industry requires a new breed of experts, new dynamic and flexible professionals capable of enhancing the efficiency of enterprises. Obviously, the education system is unable to cover the gap between supply and demand for the new-style professionals.A professional standard is a multifunctional regulatory document setting the scope of responsibilities of employees and requirements applicable to their competences, or professional standards.The competence-based approach is an adaptive model based on the content of education that is not solely related to training in a particular area of knowledge. This approach serves as the basis for the technical requirements applicable to professional standards.The system of competences developed for the educational standard in “InformationTechnology” includes the following positions:1. General professional competences,2. Skill profile competences,3. Competences in basic technologies,4. Outgoing (work-related) competences,5. Supplementary competences.The education system in the Russian Federation is the leading social institution responsible for the update and transfer of knowledge to new generations, personal training and development of the national economy. Interaction between education and business sectors is to be aimed at development of professional standards.

Didactic principles: scientific, systematic and consistency, clarity, communication theory and practice, consciousness and activity of students, the strength of learning, accessibility, individual approach to learning in a collective work, raising a training used in the teaching of different disciplines and are independent of the subject of study. But their application to any particular discipline is different, reflecting the specifics of a particular discipline Review and assess the characteristics of traditional didactic principles: the study of state standards ESKD and ASAP in the course of engineering graphics to enhance learning and cognitive activity of students to study the concept of the normative documents used in the development and design of working drawings of details and architectural drawings.The proposed approaches to the application of information technologies in the use of didactic principles can significantly improve the efficiency of the students to study the state standards, develop their ability to link theory with practice, form design skills of graphic culture, bring attention and care to increase the interest of the whole to learn and do it more accessible.

The author analyzes creative processes underway in architecture, particularly, at the stage of design. The author considers the psychology of choice of a source of artistic images, their transformation in the course of design, development of an architectural concept based on comparison of options, and use of metaphors.The role of such psychological features of a creative personality as associative thinking, imagination, ability to get inspired and critical assessment is demonstrated and analyzed in the article. General issues of transformation of the habitat of cities, psychological aspects of a conflict between old and new buildings are considered.The present-day design practice is a less creative process that the practice of the past, as the employment of information technologies accelerates drafting of documents and limits the involvement of creativity. The seeming simplicity of information technologies reduces architecture to the craft available to any “user”. As a result, the urban environment is filled with computer design, or ambitious and fake buildings.The psychology of creativity relies on associative thinking, imagination and esthetic sensitivity. The purpose of any creative process is achieved through attainment of the following sequence of objectives:arrangement of preconditions for development of an artistic image; search for sources of inspiration; availability of the input material possessing esthetic potential;use of mechanisms of associative thinking, intensification of figurativeness of the primary source using metaphors, so that the metamorphoses separated the new image from its original source;professional completion of work.The author proves that any creative process is based on comparisons, and associations serving as the basis for operations that consolidate into a creative process represent a psychological tool used by creative personalities.

The author considers the actions aimed at the liquidation of illiteracy and introduction of universal primary education in the period of industrialization and culture dissemination in the USSR. The author draws attention to the fact that the fast-growing industry was in need of competent specialists and indicates the demand for wide-scale reforms in the education.The author argues that as a result of the implementation of the first five-year plan universal education was introduced in the country, illiteracy was eliminated and wide-scale secondary professional education was made available, highly skilled professionals and researchers were trained, etc. It is noteworthy that industrialization substantially improved the state of affairs in the country and in its capital.The author has studied numerous archived documents to present the evidence of development of a network of schools, higher number of students, organization of construction of school buildings, bigger amount of government funding of schools and other institutions for children in Moscow in the years of the first five-year plan.

Adaptation means accommodation of a living organism to constantly changing conditions external and internal environments. This capacity was developed in the process of the evolutionary development. Absent of this capacity, no human organism can leave normally or adjust to various external factors.In the contemporary research literature, adaptation is associated with different factors, including occupation, climate, social environment, etc. The process of adaptation is complex, and it contemplates different types of adaptation, namely, individual sociopsychological, communicative, and physiological adaptation. It is accompanied by substantial intellectual, mental and physical efforts.The variety of building structures coupled with process-related and organizational methods of their construction require attention to the issues of safety. In the course of life and work (working environment), a person is exposed to various hazards or phenomena, processes, and objects capable of damaging human health under certain conditions. An occupational hazard means an adverse impact on human health in the form of its deterioration or injury under certain conditions.The studies show that the three-shift working activity is the cause of fatigue. Fatigue boosts errors in the sensomotor coordination and deteriorates human health. The daily rhythm of physiological functions is driven by the intensity of the working activity causing changes in the body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure. Harmful factors, such as chlorine and chlorine dioxide, produce negative impact on the psycho-physiological status of the organism. They are countered by the system of adaptation and rehabilitation as an integral part of the university curriculum. Its objective is to enhance the effectiveness of professional activities, to ensure the optimal functioning of a human body exposed to heavy workloads and adverse external conditions.

The author provides an overview and analysis of methods employed by various types of educational activities, including lectures, practical classes, laboratory assignments and independent studies of students with account for the use of advanced information technologies and given the nature of engineering graphics as a university discipline. Multimedia lecturing is an effective method of generating willingness to master a university discipline. PowerPoint presentations are to be employed in two ways: first, as a modern didactic tool employed to illustrate the lecturing process and, second, as a textbook for self-studies. Practical classes in engineering graphics promote the study of all peculiarities of this discipline. Self-study is considered as an essential link in the process of compulsory education. Department of descriptive geometry and graphics of the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering developed customized electronic packages for all disciplines to provide timely assistance to lecturers and students with a view to successful organization of the learning process. The system of various control actions based on the system of tests has been implemented to improve the efficiency of all types of learning activities. The introduction of information technologies into the learning process improves the efficiency of engineering studies and ensures generation of vital skills.

Noosphere is considered as modern state of biosphere, which appeared as a result of scientific, artistic and labour activity of people. The theory of noosphere is a biospheric-noospheric concept of V.I. Vernadsky, which postulates transfer from biosphere to noosphere, which must definitely happen. Within the limits of each civilization the problems of energy supply, creation of favorable living environment and waste disposal — inevitable end product of antroposhere — are being solved. The latter is a separate complicated problem and the lines of approach are not found yet. Many other modern problems: political, ideological, economic — are often solved not from the perspective of rationality. Sometimes mind activity is used for destructive purposes, including modern types of weapons. Construction activity supposes the creation of something new, necessary for people. In this sense construction as philosophic category corresponds to the ideas of Vernadsky, according to which he wanted to see our future harmonical and sustainable, but not self-destructive.

The educational process organization on extra-mural courses in a university is generally developed and corresponds to the requirements of the state educational standards and curricula. It provides a small share of in-class work with teaching staff (25–30 %), and most of the time is devoted to independent work of students in intersessional period.Due to the limited time the methodical aspects of lecturing in the course of full-time education can't be used with part-time students. The author describes the importance and opportunities of the most effective types of lectures: orientation, overview and summarizing lectures for the organization of students' independent work.Depending on the nature, complexity and importance of the issues and their role and place in the structure of graphic disciplines and training process it is proposed to use a combination of explanatory-illustrative and problem methods of narration in the lectures. This form of presentation significantly increases the effectiveness of learning.The proposed approaches to the application of information technology in the process of lecturing is designed to assist the lecturer in disclosing educational topics and facilitates understanding and mastering the lectures content by students. This technology of training and lecturing for graphic disciplines allows us to significantly increase the amount of material presented, making it more vivid and understandable. It is aimed at improving the training level of a modern civil engineer after part-time education.

One of the main aspects of architectural education is development of the sequence, an algorithm of design, generation of space and planning solution with account for all the limiting factors and requirements. In different periods of society and science development the process of architectural design, its aims and methods have been changed. For example in the 20th century the most important thing was correspondence of buildings and structures to everyday and industrial requirements. At the present time in general the architectural society came to the conclusion that the form and the function are closely related and influence each other. The article highlights the following aspects of current architectural design process: the initial data and design task influence on the method selection, the problem of form and function relation, contemporary trends in searching the form. Two basic methods are exposed: “from the form to the function” and “from the function to the form”. The article uncovers the design phases and shows different elements’ impact on each phase.

The problem of training of architects in architectural composition is relevant at each stages of the training process. Continuous training in architectural composition is to assure better mastering of fundamentals of composition. Specialized training courses is to be incorporated into each stage of the training process, namely, into each specialized discipline that shapes up the compositional thinking in the field of architecture and town planning patterns.
The fundamental course is entitled "Three-dimensional spatial composition"; it is based on the theory of architecture and urban development, as well as practical classes in architectural analysis and modeling.
The author proposes new methods of teaching three-dimensional composition through a cycle of exercises and term papers. The systemic approach contemplates a good knowledge of the theory to serve as the basis for workshops and practical classes, as well as a new idea of continuous training.

Development of computer-assisted computer technologies and their integration into the academic activity with a view to the control of the academic performance within the framework of distance learning programmes represent the subject matter of the article.
The article is a brief overview of the software programme designated for the monitoring of the academic performance of students enrolled in distance learning programmes. The software is developed on Delphi 7.0 for Windows operating system. The strength of the proposed software consists in the availability of the two modes of its operation that differ in the principle of the problem selection and timing parameters.
Interim academic performance assessment is to be performed through the employment of computerized testing procedures that contemplate the use of a data base of testing assignments implemented in the eLearning Server media. Identification of students is to be performed through the installation of video cameras at workplaces of students.

The article covers the problem of particular importance for the contemporary science, that is, scientific rationality, which may be considered under-investigated. In the literature, the issue of sequence of historical types of scientific rationality is analyzed in detail. It breaks down into classical, non-classical, post-non-classical scientific rationality. However, within the framework of the philosophy of science, little attention is paid to the analysis of various types of scientific rationality, including the logical/mathematical, natural scientific, engineering/technical, and social/humanitarian rationality.
Though dozens of academic papers and books cover the issues of logic, mathematics, physics, engineering and technology, social sciences and humanities, general philosophy-related papers lack any essential description of the said four types of scientific rationality, their comparative analysis, and interrelation between them.
In the article, the essence of the logical/mathematical, natural scientific, engineering/technical, and social/humanitarian rationality is demonstrated; their methods, objectives and results are compared; their interaction is accentuated.
In the article, non-scientific and scientific types of philosophical rationality are identified (the former performs the functions of vision rather than gnoseological functions, it includes religious philosophy, existentialism, Nietzsche's philosophy, etc.). The reasons specified in the article substantiate the need to introduce the concept of philosophical-scientific type of rationality associated with the elaboration of issues of logic and methodology of scientific cognition, that are covered in the works of Aristotle, Bacon, Descartes, Hegel, Popper and other philosophers.
It is proven that in the time of substantial advancement of contemporary technology, incorporation of humanitarian values into the domain of natural and engineering sciences and formulation of the issue of ecological and ethical examination of engineering projects will prevent a global ecological catastrophe and collapse of the civilization.

The subject matter of the article is the construction industry in the years of pre-Mongolian Rus. The complexity and diversity of the construction process reflect some peculiarities of the social life in ancient Rus. Therefore, the study of the construction industry reveals particular technological advancements as well as the professional and social organization of crafts in ancient Rus. In the article, the organization of the building process is considered as an integrated process.
A considerable amount of information can be obtained from ancient sources, such as monuments, although they do not constitute any accurate evidence of the construction process. We may identify the number of the so-called "artels" (construction gangs), as well as trace their routes from one construction centre to another. By the commencement of the Mongolian invasion, construction gangs had already established close connections with the prince in power, and their routes were always determined by dynastic relationships of princes. Their work was strongly influenced by Byzantine and West European countries. Therefore, the analysis of the whole construction industry is a vital constituent of the study of the history and culture of ancient Russians.