"Вестник МГСУ"

Features of the organizational structure of an investment construction project are considered in the article. The need for a detailed breakdown of the life cycle of an investment construction project is substantiated by the need to improve the management of processes and to have the responsibilities shared by the project executives. The sequence of key actions to be implemented in the course of development and implementation of an investment construction project is provided. The author considers the organizational procedures and their sequence as applied to the Moscow City construction project. Several methods aimed at the acceleration of construction processes through merged coordination procedures at the phase of the project due diligence are proposed.

The essences of management influence the pricing process in the construction industry. The balance in the market of construction products, both in terms of supply and demand, is the objective of this influence. Construction organizations are ready to reduce prices for their products. However they must be confident that their products will generate profits on the ongoing basis. Authorities responsible for pricing management must help construction organizations to identify their reserves and excessive production expenses to help these companies to cut their prices. These efforts will reduce the inflation to the level needed to resolve the problem of affordable prices for building products. The Russian economy must be based on innovative grounds. Control over the economic concentration is an effective action. It’s used to prevent monopolization in the construction market.

At present, most markets demonstrate fierce competition; therefore, only those companies that have distinctive competitive advantages develop successfully in this environment. Development and maintenance of competitive advantages is a key objective of any enterprise. A competitive company is a sustainable and profitable undertaking.Competitive ability of an organization is a factor of its success in the market. Presently, the majority of markets experience tough competition, and any success in this environment requires a clear marketing strategy. Gaining and maintaining competitive advantages is the key objective of an enterprise.The degree of improvement of goods has also reached the limit beyond which consumers are no longer able to recognize the real qualitative change. As a result, businesses have to make skyrocketing efforts towards advertising. Only advertizing can showcase the degree of modernization of consumer products and convince customers of superiority of one product over another. The fight for a consumer is transferred from the "price vs. quality" domain into the domain of the company's ability to showcase new features of consumer products. The present-day system of competition management through pricing has lost some of its paramount importance to nonprice competitive practices. Market success makes companies polish their competitive strengths and abilities through effective marketing strategies that take account of the marketing techniques employed by their competitors, as well as the needs of their current and future customers. Most of them are focused on advanced computer technologies, the most important element of which is the Internet.

Nowadays in Russian Federation there is a growing demand for monolithic construction. Monolithic construction technology is developing to meet the requirements, such as reduction of construction time and improvement of the quality of the structures. Analysis of different situations that arise on construction sites shows a number of usual problems: increased construction period, increased cost, etc.Possible reason of this problem can be in using outdated approaches to the control of monolithic construction processes. Such approaches do not take into account deviations due to the abrupt changes caused by external influence of the environment. And it can lead to increase in technological expectations or increase in labor costs for eliminating these deviations. This article presents an approach, which helps to increase the efficiency of process organization in monolithic construction by means of adaptive control and operative control in real time. This approach is based on the methods of operative monitoring and processing of information about the state of the production system at any given time. In this paper organizational scheme for combining different production and control processes was developed, which is based on the following principles: Choice of criteria for comprehensive assessment of a production system, that reflect both internal state and external disturbances; Development of the methods and means of operational monitoring of the structures(includes previously selected criteria); Development of the methods of constructing situation models of the production system functioning (including modeling the hydration process of concrete and the influence of external factors on this process).Development of the methods of research and information decision support based on automated processing of information, obtained in the course of monitoring, and on the analysis of available options of controlling actions.

The article states the necessity of selecting software products that make up the corporate information space. The reason for establishing interoperability of enterprise information systems is justified. Two extreme approaches to the interoperable space formation were mentioned. Various criteria for choosing the optimal set of software products are offered. The question about the level of interoperability standards of corporate information space is raised. The author offers an option of choosing interoperable software products for a company in accordance with a certain coefficient. This coefficient is the probability of the event "satisfaction with the selected software product" by i -criterion of npossible. These criteria should be worked out by a board of competent staff of a company taking into account the optimization tasks and the problems set.This approach is based on the concept of simple and discrete distribution of coefficients. In the formula it is proposed to use a correction factor μ , which corresponds to the level of satisfaction with the software. It is determined by a person or a group of persons – professionals in the field. It is also required to find another coefficient βl — the need in selectable software product.It is known that interoperable enterprise information environment consists of a set of interoperable enterprise information spaces. Each of them has a number of functions. These functions have a their own level of importance. Then end result of software products selection is the reduction up to four types of formulas.We give the positive side of selection using coefficients, they produce a summation or multiplication. Negative aspects of each approach are also discussed. The final selection process of interoperable enterprise information space on the basis of these coefficients should be made by a competent board of a company.

The article describes the formation and implementation of virtual organizational structures for construction companies. We consider the components of virtual enterprises, the process of their integration and organization of system connections. Particular attention is paid to the method of forming the qualitative and quantitative elements of virtual structures.The introduction of virtual building production systems implies increased automation and the use of modern equipment in the offices of project participants and on construction sites, where the majority of technological operations is performed. Creating a virtual organizational structure requires a detailed study of all aspects of the future enterprise, no matter how long it will be functioning and what goals were set. Having determined the participants and the basic scheme of the virtual organizational structure, it is necessary put question of hardware and software.Obvious is the fact that the construction industry in our country is in need of highquality optimization and automation of the technological process components. Any innovation requires high-quality information base for successful implementation and operation in the given industry.

In the given article the author presents an algorithm of choosing a construction company for the purpose of tendering, the same as the techniques of complex efficiency index improvement. The developed algorithm offers a comprehensive approach in order to determine the readiness of a construction company for construction projects. An ideal organizational and management model is developed in order to improve the competitive ability of construction companies. According to this model complex efficiency index is calculated. Organizational and management model is formed by six parameters. Each of them have three levels of significance. Expert judgment was used in order to identify the importance of each parameter in the whole system. The six parameters are: the total value of the contracts of the construction company for the last calendar year; organizational and technological standards of the company; environmental standards; workforce management; information technology; the company's portfolio. As a result, the construction company with the highest CEI is pronounced the winner of tendering. Thus, the developed method of complex efficiency index calculation can be used to improve the efficiency of a company by adjusting the organizational and management system. The proposed method of calculation should contribute to the development of the construction industry within the framework of competition in the Russian Federation.

The main purpose of construction organization (CO) is putting an object of a required quality into operation within the established time limit with the lowest labor and resources input. This aim remains relevant also in emergency situations. However, apart from the main tasks of CO in emergencies, there are additional challenges to stabilize and arrange construction works, reduce the impact of emergency situations and their results. Due to the lack of information about the domain objects in emergency situations the complexity of formulating and dealing with management problems increases. This provokes rebuilding of the manufacturing processes of a construction enterprise in order to adapt them to the new conditions and to optimize the results obtained in these conditions. Fast and efficient decisions based on the functional model of the components and processes will improve the efficiency of CO in emergency situations.The essence of the model proposed by the author is that the tasks of the CO are divided into conditional permanent and conditional variable. The functioning of conditional permanent tasks remain unchanged in emergency situations, but conditional variable depend on the emergency. Their composition is determined by the construction characteristics. The resulting sets of tasks are ranked by priority. A higher priority is assigned to the tasks of operational planning of the building production rehabilitation by restructuring the production processes disturbed in emergency situations.

The article shows the prospects of the development of small-scale power engineering in Russia. Today, the development of small-scale power engineering faces many problems in our country. The legislative support required for the development is insufficient. Another great problem is financing. The article describes such a form of financing as leasing.The essence of leasing contract is presented.Leasing is a form of financing when the owner of an asset (the lessor) temporarily transfers the right to use an asset (and sometimes other ownership rights and obligations) to another party (the lessee). The lessor typically makes the lease for a specified time in return for a lump sum or periodic rental payments from the lessee.The chief advantage of leasing is that it provides an alternative to ownership. Lessees also benefit from a number of tax advantages.The article shows the advantages of leasing for the small-scale power generation and its functions.

The possibility of placing orders in the form of public competition is confirmed in law clarification published jointly by Russian Ministry of Economic Development and Federal Anti-Monopoly Service of Russia. Moreover, the analyses and official letters of the Federal Antimonopoly Service recommend to place the orders for construction design in a form of public competition, considering the design work more as creative activity, when initially it is impossible to establish an objective and comprehensive requirements to the quality of work. And, thus, the main advantage of electronic auction is not achieved — that is determining the winner basing on minimum price offer among the bidders who meet pre-set quality requirements.The practice of already conducted design auctions shows that the price offer of the bidder is directly proportional to the quality that he is willing to offer. Moreover, the price reduction is often unreasonable, which can result in either very low quality or work collapse. At this point, placing orders for construction designing and research works in a form of public competition has a number of advantages over the electronic auction system. They are: high-quality and timely work performance due to the establishment of the most important for customer evaluation criteria of the bidders. However, there are also drawbacks. The public competition is the most difficult and the most time-consuming procedure of public procurement methods. Notification of placing an order has to be published on the official website for at least 30 days prior to the closing date and the date of disclosing the bids.In order to prevent corruption the bidders file their applications in sealed envelopes so that the information about the bid remains confidential until the opening of the envelopes. Moreover, the procedure of opening the envelopes is public, it is held at predetermined time and location specified in tender documents, so that each bidder had the right to attend it, make sure that all the envelopes with applications were sealed before the opening, listen and evaluate the content of applications and proposals of other bidders. Then, in a period of no more than 20 days, the tender committee of the customer privately carries out the procedure of applications processing for compliance with the requirements established in accordance with the Law 94FZ, and makes decisions about admission or denial for further tender in respect of each bidder who has filed an application.

The authors argue that the costs of design development, building and maintenance of items of real estate are interconnected, and that they depend heavily on the high quality of work performed at each of the above stages. Quality management standards, according to ISO 9001:2008 international standards, assure the satisfactory quality of building works. Classification of the quality indicators distributed into several groups is developed to ensure the target management of the quality of building works. They include indicators of consumer properties; reliability indicators; typification indicators; technology intensiveness indicators; ergonomic indicators; esthetic indicators; economic indicators. Further, an integrated indicator of quality, including all groups specified above, is developed. Improvement of the quality of building works means saving three principal groups of resources: materials, labor and funding.
Calculation of reduction of the overall cost of the real estate item that has improved quality indicators in comparison with the overall cost of the real estate item of satisfactory quality, taken as a benchmark, is made. The nature of interrelation between the quality of building works and maintenance expenses is provided. The overall cost of the item increases alongside with the increase of its quality, therefore the pre-set quality indicator should be defined by taking account of the market conditions, rates charged for building works and payable by buyers, and the amount of building works that sell at a higher price. The indicator of the overall cost of the item of real estate, if forthcoming operational expenses are taken into account, i.e. calculated for the course of the overall life cycle of the item, is essential if the investor is going to maintain the building. Investors often act as sellers of completed buildings; therefore, the product price set at the time when it is offered for sale is of particular importance.

The article represents the overview of unification and standardization processes, and their impact on the construction sector in the new social and economic environment of Russia. The expediency of compilation of regional construction catalogues as the drivers of accelerated construction works, construction quality improvement, and profitability. The proposed methodology and the expert opinion principles that serve as its basis may be applied to other sections of regional (territorial) construction catalogues. No national economy, regions or territories can pursue their development absent of the construction sector; therefore, a scientific approach to the organization of the process of designing, construction and operation of buildings and structures on the basis of regional unification and regional catalogues of solutions encompassing construction operations, structures and products are of particular relevance.

Рассмотрены особенности и условия эффективного осуществления инновационных процессов с учетом технических, производственных, коммерческих и других рисков. Предложено создать специальную структуру для оказания услуг по поддержке и сопровождению инновационной деятельности в виде информационно-технологического центра. Разработаны функциональная структура и экономико-математическая модель расчета экономического эффекта от его деятельности.

Human resources serve as the basis for development of the national economy, as a whole, and the construction industry, as its constituent part. The problem of inferior labor productivity within the framework of the national economy and its construction industry is considered in the paper. The author has identified the reasons why the productivity of the national economy and its construction industry is low. Low quality manpower is one of the reasons. Analysis of the statistical information has proven that the quality of the manpower in the construction industry is unsatisfactory. The author has also analyzed the relation between the construction industry development pattern and the quality of the manpower. Low manpower quality is a consequence of low personnel training and development expenditures assumed by local construction companies, if compared to the same assumed in the developed economies. Russian businesses do not invest any proceeds into their employees, as any employee may leave the company at any moment, and the employer will lose the investment. Therefore, the performance rate of the Russian construction industry cannot catch up with its western counterpart. The author also provides the analysis of the western personnel development concept. The author also makes his suggestions designated to reverse the unfavourable trend of the construction industry.

Materials consumption rate is used by many authors as the criterion for the assessment of the economic efficiency of gas distribution networks in the course of their design. No doubt that control over the materials consumption rate is of particular importance. However, we believe that it represents one of several constituents of the overall cost of a gas network piping project. Labour expenditures and earth works that are, to some extent, dependent on the diameter of a pipeline, should also be taken into account. Presently, metal and polyethylene pipes of standard diameters are used in gas network development projects. Diameters of pipes of external gas distribution networks are rounded up to the closest standard diameter of pipes as a result of a hydraulic calculation.
The cost of construction of a gas pipeline has multiple constituents that may be clustered into three principle groups:
1) earth works,
2) piping;
3) cost of materials.
Calculation of the cost of construction of low and medium pressure pipelines to be made of steel and cross-linked polyethylene was performed to find out the cost of a pipeline.
The calculations were made in the basic prices of the year 2000 adjusted to the figures of April 2011, given the standard piping conditions in a settlement within central Russia. The data were interpolated by means of a quadratic function.
On the basis of the above data, a comparative analysis of capital expenditures in respect of steel and polyethylene piping may be performed.
The research also contemplates the structure of expenses associated with the piping of gas distribution networks. Mathematical equations have been derived to perform sufficiently accurate calculations of costs of construction of various types and various lengths of gas pipelines.

In the article, the results of the research performed in the field of innovative development of enterprises are provided, and the main principles and the content of each stage of innovative development of construction enterprises in the new economic environment are developed on the basis of the research. Actions, proposed in the article, will ensure the implementation of the strategy of innovative development with a view to effective attainment of objectives of case management and successful adaptation of construction enterprises to altering factors of the media.

Methodical approaches and procedures of implementation of official provisions of Methodical Recommendations are considered in article. Upon completion of analysis of a number of factors, the authors suggest using the option of assessment of efficiency of application of a new construction material through the application of Methodical Recommendations for Assessment of Efficiency of Investment Projects. As for the assimilation of new materials by building companies engaged in construction operations, the recommendation is to assess the business project efficiency upon introduction of each new construction material, and capital investments are the main indicators of efficiency of construction materials, let alone net discounted profit and the payback period. Upon consideration of a number of conditions that underlie the mathematical and economic model that substantiates decision-making in terms of implementation of innovative projects, the project efficiency can be assessed on the basis of an integrated indicator - maximal return on capital investments. The proposed model also takes account of the payback period, although the efficiency of new construction materials does not take account of any positive social effect of their introduction.

Requirements applicable to urban construction and investment programmes are considered in the proposed paper. The authors identify the principal problems that prevent successful implementation of the programme-oriented approach and formulate the initial set of the top-priority objectives. They include the basic parameters of the development strategy, indicators of the economic strength of the Programme, overview of any available resources and efficiency of their use in the past, criteria of efficiency of the Program, its constituent blocks and separate actions, methodological recommendations and procedures, mechanisms of distribution and re-distribution of the budgetary funding, commercial risks and procedures that accompany the concentration of urban resources, forms and methods of public control, incentives designated to get co-developers involved into the Programme. The new outlook applicable to the attainment of the pre-set objectives corrects the economic essence of the Programmes. It consists in the system-based representation of the Programme actions as a collection of regulatory, management, and financial modules designated to substantiate and explain the target-oriented criteria. In pursuance of the above, the target essence of the economic simulation of the strategy of urban assets management as part of the Programme actions is identified. The authors believe that an integrated Programme may assure sustainable development of the urban area acting as a self-reproducing system capable of facilitating the satisfaction of ever-growing needs of urban residents and corporate entities, guests and partners of cities and towns, that represent an integral social and economic system in its development.
In the context accepted by the authors, attainment of the above objective will involve fulfillment of each of the aforementioned requirements. They are to assure the concentration of resources and comprehensive satisfaction of the needs of the urban population in terms of the most popular items of real estate within a particular time span.

The paper covers the identification of basic investment models applicable to construction
projects. They are needed to substantiate the transformation of the investment system, to identify
the numerical values of the investment process, and to solve the problems that prevent the efficiency
improvement of the investment system. As a result of the analysis, the authors have identified
sixteen models that differ in the mode of investment, investment targets, types of investees,
investors, investment sources, investment methods, investment schemes, repayment patterns,
strategic goals, countries of origin, restrictions imposed on investment resources, payback patterns,
investment period, economic system development, financing procedure, type of investment
period alterations.
The multiplicity and variety of investment models prevent us from performing a comprehensive
comparative analysis; therefore, investment models are to be consolidated into classes that
display higher-level systemic features. As a result of comprehensive comparison of existing investment
models those models that are typical for the construction industry have been identified. They
are (1) mid-term dynamic models, and (2) target-oriented models.
Consideration of the two classes of features prevents us from preparing an exhaustive overview
of the investment process. Therefore, as a result of research of the investment system structure
its backbone element was identified. It represents an investment method that is the basic
classifier. Thus, the basic classifier of an investment model is composed of three basic classificatory
features, including the time, the investee, and the investment method. As a result, a credit
investment model, a security investment model, a cooperative investment model, a project investment
model, an economic investment model, a centralized investment model, a share investment
model, and a combined investment model were identified.

The author considers the problem of the market entry and distribution of innovation deliverables
and other research results, which is the main goal of innovative activities of corporate entities.
The author suggests researching the processes of distribution of innovations in the course
of their life cycle that has eight stages. The two-vector model of diffusion of innovations in the
construction industry has been developed; the principal market players engaged in the process
of commercialization of items of intellectual property have been identified.