-
Belyaev Valeriy Lvovich -
Moscow State
University of Civil Engineering
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associated
Professor, doctoral student, Department of Urban Planning and Environmental Safety
Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation;
vbely aev2011@mail.ru, Moscow State
University of Civil Engineering, 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation;
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The author believes that the issue of urban development of the underground space of Moscow
needs further research. He also provides a brief analysis of the global underground space development
experience. The author argues that due to the lack of effi cient public administration over the
Moscow areas in the course of their development, they lag far behind the same areas of Western cities.
The solution is to be based on the principles of systemic approach to urban planning (the master
plan) and development of urban programmes (special-purpose municipal programmes).
Another effective method represents experimental urban design. The author argues that it can
solve the problems of comprehensive development of underground parts of the centre of the capital
(multi-functional public areas) and preservation of the historic environment. Similarly, this method
can contribute to effective development of local sights (the Pushkin square). Improvement of the
system of public administration should be backed by the issuance of legal acts.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.8.6-14
References
- Belyaev V.L. Osnovy podzemnogo gradoustroystva [Fundamentals of Subterranean Urban Planning]. Moscow, MGSU Publ., 2012, 198 р.
- Grado: zhurnal o gradostroitel’stve i arkhitekture [Grado: Journal of Urbanism and Architecture]. 2011, no. 2, pp. 33—106.
- Ploshchad’ Karlsplatts-Shtkhaus. Straubing po-russki. [The Carlsplatz Stachus Square. Straubing in the Russian Style]. Available at: http://moistraubing.de/index.php/bayern/muenchen/stachus. Date of access: June 16, 2012.
- Obladen B., Zvarts M. Amsterdam: gorod pod gorodom [Amsterdam: the City beneath the City]. Grado: zhurnal o gradostroitel’stve i arkhitekture [Grado: Journal of Urbanism and Architecture]. 2011, no. 2, pp. 58—69.
- Korotaev V.P. Moskva: gradostroitel’nyy potentsial podzemnogo prostranstva [Moscow: Urban Planning Potential of Its Underground Space]. Grado: zhurnal o gradostroitel’stve i arkhitekture [Grado: Journal of Urbanism and Architecture]. 2011, no. 2, pp. 71—81.
- Zakon goroda Moskvy «O General’nom plane goroda Moskvy» [Law of the City of Moscow “About the Master Plan of Moscow”]. Available at: http://www. mka.mos.ru/mka/mka.nsf/va_WebPages/Genplan_2010-17zmRus. Date of access: May 29, 2012.
- Postanovlenie Pravitel’stva Moskvy ot 03.10.2011 № 460-PP «Ob utverzhdenii Gosudarstvennoy programmy goroda Moskvy «Gradostroitel’naya politika» na 2012-2016 gg.» [Resolution of the Government of Moscow of October 03, 2010 no. 460-PP “About the Approval of the State Programme of the City of Moscow “Urban Development Policy for 2012-2016”]. Available at: http://www. http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=MLAW;n=134756. Date of access: 29.05.2012.
- Otchet o nauchno-issledovatel’skoy rabote «Formirovanie kompleksnykh dannykh po sushchestvuyushchim, proektiruemym i stroyashchimsya ob”ektam podzemnogo prostranstva, dannykh o geologicheskoy srede goroda Moskvy po pervoocherednym zonam planiruemogo razmeshcheniya podzemnykh sooruzheniy v masshtabe 1:10000 i 1:2000 na osnove EGKO goroda Moskvy». [Research Report “Formation of Integrated Data Covering Existing and New Underground Structures, Data concerning the Geological Environment of the City of Moscow in the Areas of the top-Priority Underground Development in the Scale 1: 10000 and 1: 2000 on the Basis of the Unifi ed State Cartographic Map of the City of Moscow»]. Moscow, Mosgorgeotrest Publ., 2010.
- Gradostroitel’nyy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation]. Available at: http://www.base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=12279. Date of access: May 29, 2012.
- Podzemnyy gorod v Monreale: planirovanie, razvitie, upravlenie [Underground City in Montreal: Planning, Development and Management]. Grado: zhurnal o gradostroitel’stve i arkhitekture [Grado: Journal of Urbanism and Architecture]. 2011, no. 2, pp. 50—57.
-
Burova Natalya Mikhaylovna -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor,
Department of Descriptive Geometry and Graphics
+7
(499) 183-98-97, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation;
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Geoplastics-related solutions are applied to generate the artifi cial terrain within the framework
of landscape design projects. The proposed solutions are employed to generate a variety of geoplastic
shapes capable of embodying particular design ideas.
The author compares the proposed geoplastic solutions with the classical problem of mathematics
that consists in the effective partition of the three-dimensional space into individual cells that
represent non-overlapping polyhedra (tessellation).
The proposed method of identifi cation of volumes of geoplastic shapes employs simple operations
to make suffi ciently accurate calculations. Countours and dimensions of patterns designed
hereunder make no impact onto the accuracy of calculations. Thus, the practical problem of generation
of an artifi cial terrain within the framework of landscape design is simplifi ed.
Therefore, the design process is reduced to the following sequence of actions:
1) Identifi cation of dimensions and contours of the geoplastic pattern;
2) Space fi lling with regular polyhedral that have preset dimensions through the employment
of CINEMA 4D software;
3) Calculation of the overall volume;
4) Alteration of initial dimensions of the surfaces employed for fi lling purposes;
5) Comparison of the results.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.8.15-20
References
- Glezer G., Poltir K. Kartiny matematiki [Images of Mathematics]. Spektrum Publ., 2002.
- Nikolaev V.A. Landshaftovedenie, estetika i dizayn [Landscape Studies, Aesthetics and Design]. Moscow, Aspekt Press Publ., 2005.
- Burova N.M., Matseevich A.V. Opredelenie ob”emov geometricheskikh poverkhnostey vtorogo poryadka pri sozdanii iskusstvennykh rel’efov [Identification of Volumes of Second Degree Geometric Surfaces within the Framework of Generation of the Artificial Terrain]. Fundamental’nye nauki v sovremennom stroitel’stve [Fundamental Sciences in Contemporary Civil Engineering]. Proceedings of the Seventh All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. Moscow, MGSU Publ., 2010.
- Matseevich A.V. Issledovanie nekotorykh geometricheskikh poverkhnostey dlya formirovaniya geoplasticheskikh form v landshaftnom proektirovanii [Research of Some Geometric Surfaces Applied for the Generation of Geoplastic Shapes in Landscape Design]. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo v sovremennykh usloviyakh [Industrial and Civil Engineering in the Present-day Environment]. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference of Students. Moscow, MGSU Publ., 2011.
- Ball P. Ideal’naya pena: vse delo v volshebnykh puzyr’kakh [Ideal Foam: It’s All about Magic Bubbles]. Available at: http://www.popmech.ru/articll/10099-idealnaya-pena. Date of access: 10.03.2012.
-
Zhuravlev M.Yu.
Mikhail Yur'evich -
Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
Assistant Lecturer, Department of Architecture
+7 (927) 760-73-21, Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 194 Molodogvardeyskaya
St., Samara, 443001, Russian Federation;
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.
The article is focused on the contextual characteristics of architecture. From the viewpoint
of gnosiology, architecture is part of major areas of knowledge, such as science, technology, and
art. At the same time, it is of the same importance as other related areas, including history, art, and
construction technology. Being an open system, architecture is strongly interrelated both with upperlevel
and same-level fields, and no solid system is isolated. Subsequently, architecture has strong
links with history. As the result, development of architecture has a strong temporal connection with
development of all areas mentioned above.
The author argues that architecture should essentially be treated as an open dynamic system
in correlation to its context. After a closer look at urban planning, it is considered to be the essence of
architecture-related activities, and the author comes to the conclusion that it (as well as the architecture
itself) is the most large-scale and complex phenomenon from the viewpoint of time and space.
The system classifi cation by A.V. Boldachev is applied to describe the characteristics of architecture
treated as a system. In light of this theory, architecture can be described in terms of a
'dynamic system as a flow of transitions'. Based on this conclusion, the author states that architecture
as a knowledge system needs to be studied with closer attention from temporal point of view, it
should be treated as a process, a flow of changing states of the system in time.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.8.20-25
References
- Nazarli M.Dzh. Kosmogoniya i Tvorenie v sefevidskoy zhivopisi XVI veka [Cosmology and Creation in the Safavid Paintings of the 17th Century]. Vostok [East]. 1993, no. 1, pp. 83—89.
- Vitruviy. Desyat’ knig ob arkhitekture [Ten Books of Architecture]. Book 1. Moscow, Editorial URSS Publ., 2003.
- Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar’ Brokgauza i Efrona [Brockgauz and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]. Moscow, Terra Publ., 2001, 726 p.
- Taranov P.S. Filosofi ya iznutri [Philosophy from the Inside]. Moscow, Ostozh’e Publ., 1996, vol. I.
- Lazarev S.S. Ponyatie «vremya» i geologicheskaya letopis' zemnoy kory [The Notion of Time and the Geological Record of the Earth Crust]. Voprosy filosofi i [Issues of Philosophy]. 2002, no. 1, pp. 77—89.
- Altunyan A.O. Arkhitektura i tekhnologicheskiy progress pervykh tsivilizatsiy [Architecture and Technology-related Progress of the First Civilizations]. Vestnik SGASU [Proceedings of SSUACE]. 2008, no. 4, pp. 14—22.
- Gidion Z. Prostranstvo, vremya, arkhitektura [Space, Time, Architecture]. Moscow, Stroyizdat Publ., 1977, 567 p.
- Glazychev V.L. Gde iskat’ znanie o gorodakh? [Where Can We Find the Knowledge about the Cities?] Available at: http://tv.russia.ru/video/diskurs_12181/ Date of access: 3.09.2011.
- Boldachev A.V. Novatsii. Suzhdeniya v rusle evolyutsionnoy paradigmy. [Innovations. Judgments in Line with the Evolutionary Paradigm]. St. Petersburg, St.Petersburg University, 2007, 256 p.
- Bofill’ R. Prostranstva dlya zhizni [Space for Life]. Moscow, Stroyizdat Publ., 1993, 136 p.
-
Mezentsev Sergey Dmitrievich -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU)
Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor,
Department of Philosophy, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU), 26 Yaroslavskoe
shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation;
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.
The author considers one of the most relevant theoretical problems of urban planning - philosophical
and scientifi c methodology of research. The tasks of research involve the analysis and
identifi cation of the essence of systematic, synergistic, socio-humanistic, ecological and cybernetic
approaches and their general academic signifi cance, particularly, in the fi eld of urban planning.
The systematic approach. The unity of the technological system, the strategy of the system
behavior, and the design consistency, etc. - these are the core constituents of new methods of
technical thinking. If resolution of minor technological problems and development of small systems
lead to differentiation of knowledge and to growing specialization of research, development of major
systems leads to integration and synthesis of knowledge. This integration may be illustrated by the
urban planning which incorporates design development, implementation, testing and operation of
multi-component systems.
The synergеtic approach. The synergеtic approach is employed to study the urban environment
and culture as well as their development. It encompasses the phenomena which are considered
by the systematic approach as unimportant or minor facts, namely, random connections,
volatile relationships, brevity of their existence, spontaneity, etc. These phenomena are based on
the fact that the urban community is heterogeneous; it is composed of multiple separate individuals
and social groups.
The socio-humanistic approach. Modern scientifi c theories are not not only to contribute to
the analysis of the current situation, but also to contribute to the process of formation of the technical
activity on the basis of the principle of humanism. Contemporary engineers fi nd a connection
between technical components and processes with non-technical ones, including human factors,
organizational structures, socio-cultural processes, etc.
The ecological approach. Further development of technologies, namely, construction-related
technologies, should be based on the understanding of their nature as self-suffi cient values and follow
the laws of the social ecology to improve the environment and to avoid numerous anthropogenic
and environmental disasters. Therefore, before any urban planning project is implemented, each
environmental consequence is to be considered in relation to man and society.
The cybernetic approach. Any contemporary activity in the fi eld of technology, including urban
planning, should be based on the management principles developed within the framework of sociology,
including social foresight, social prediction, social planning and social technologies.
In contrast to many other sciences, which succeed in the sphere of methodology of research,
urban planning does not always meet up-to-date requirements. The author believes that there is a
need of adherence to the above methods in urban planning. The author argues that the result of
their application at the stage of urban design will substantially reduce any negative effects at the
stage of construction and operation of technical facilities.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.8.26-33
References
- Bertalanfi L. fon. Obshchaya teoriya sistem — kriticheskiy obzor [General Theory of Systems: Critical Review]. Issledovaniya po obshchey teorii sistem [Research of the General Theory of Systems]. Collected translations. Moscow, Progress Publ., 1969, pp. 23—82.
- Blauberg I.V., Yudin E.G. Stanovlenie i sushchnost’ sistemnogo podkhoda [Formation and Essence of the Systems Approach]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1973, 270 p.
- Liseev I.K., Sadovskiy V.N., editors. Sistemnyy podkhod v sovremennoy nauke [The Systems Approach to Modern Science]. Moscow, Progress Publ., 2004, 560 p.
- Khaken G. Sinergetika: Ierarkhii neustoychivostey v samoorganizuyushchikhsya sistemakh i ustroystvakh. [Synergetics: Instability Hierarchies of Self-Organizing Systems and Devices]. Moscow, Mir Publ., 1985, 423 p.
- Veber M. Izbrannoe. Obraz obshchestva [Selected Works. The Image of the Society]. Moscow, Yurist Publ., 1994, 704 p.
- Veber M. Issledovaniya po metodologii nauki [Studies of the Methodology of Science]. Moscow, INION AN SSSR Publ., 1980, 202 p.
- Kommoner B. Zamykayushchiysya krug: priroda, chelovek, tekhnologiya. [The Closed Circle: Nature, Man and Technology]. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat Publ., 1974, 272 p.
- Viner N. Kibernetika, ili upravlenie i svyaz’ v zhivotnom i mashine [Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and in the Machine]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1983, 433 p.
- Lenk Kh. Razmyshleniya o sovremennoy tekhnike [Refl ections on Modern Technology]. Moscow, Aspekt Publ., 1996, p. 55—56.
- Gusakov A.A. Sistemotekhnika stroitel’stva [Systems Engineering of Construction]. Moscow, Stroyizdat Publ., 1993, 368 p.
- Glazychev V.L. Gorodskaya sreda. Tekhnologiya razvitiya: nastol’naya kniga [The Urban Environment. Technology of Development: a Handbook]. Moscow, Lad’ya Publ., 1995. p. 20.
- Rozin V.M. Gorodskaya kul’tura, chelovek, okruzhayushchaya sreda (Filosofskometodologicheskie problemy gradostroitel’nogo proektirovaniya) [Urban Culture, Man, Environment (Philosophical and Methodological Problems of Urban Design)] Voprosy filosofi i [Issues of Philosophy]. 1980, no. 1, pp. 53—62.
- Pochegina L.F. Mezhdunarodnaya khartiya po arkhitekturnomu obrazovaniyu i gumanizatsiya arkhitektury [International Charter for Architectural Education and Humanization of Architecture]. International Conference. Integration, Partnership and Innovations in Civil Engineering Sciences and Education. Moscow, MGSU Publ., 2011, vol. 2, pp. 750—751.
- Fromm E. Imet’ ili byt’? [To Have or to Be?]. Moscow, AST Publ., 2000, 448 p.
- Skvortsova L.M. Sotsial’noe prostranstvo goroda: ekologicheskie proekty budushchego [The Social Space of the City: Ecological Projects of the Future]. Vestnik MGSU [Proceedings of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering]. 2011, no. 4, pp. 414—418.
- Fokina Z.T. Tendentsiya urbanizatsii i izuchenie ekologii goroda [Trend for Urbanization and Study of the Urban Ecology]. Vestnik MGSU [Proceedings of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering]. 2011, no. 2, vol. 2, pp. 253—259.
- Gusakov A.A. Sistemotekhnika [Systems Engineering]. Moscow, Novoe Tysyacheletie Publ., 2002, p. 22.
- Voronin V.A. Dekompozitsiya metodologicheskikh osnov proektnogo upravleniya v stroitel’stve [Decomposition of Methodological Principles of Project Management in Construction]. Vestnik MGSU [Proceedings of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering]. 2011, no. 4, pp. 530—534.
- Slavgorodskaya A.N. Upravlenie tipovymi proektami pri realizatsii gorodskikh stroitel’nykh programm v Moskve [Management of Model Projects for Urban Construction Programs in Moscow]. Conference. Integration, Partnership and Innovations in Civil Engineering Sciences and Education. Moscow, MGSU Publ., 2011, vol. 1, pp. 740—741.
- Toshchenko Zh.T. Sotsiologiya. Obshchiy kurs. [Sociology. General Course]. Moscow, Prometey: Yurayt-M Publ., 2001, 511 p.
-
Polezhaev Yuriy Olegovich -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering
Associated Professor, Department of Descriptive
Geometry and Graphics
8 ( 499) 183-24-83, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 26 Yaroslavskoe
shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation;
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.
-
Borisova Anzhelika Yurevna -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associated Professor, Department
of Descriptive Geometry and Graphics
8 (499) 183-24-83, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation;
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.
The authors discuss some of the properties of linear variations of ellipticity within the framework
of planimetry. Six elliptic models were constructed through the employment of geometrography-
related methods: an ellipse interrelated with the (i) golden proportion and a (ii) focal plane
rectangle; (iii) a constant of the perimetry of the focal diamond; (iv) compression of the base circle
in the axial direction (y); (v) differential straight lines of the moving point of an ellipse; (vi) compass
incidence, a composition of transformations of the shift and homothety.
Characteristic lines that run in the neighborhood of some point of the ellipse are demonstrated.
The characteristic lines in question include those that can be employed as part of various composite
solutions related to the fragments of structures being constructed.
A set of closed polygons and curves with selected lines passing through the characteristic
points of the circle squaring - these are the geometrographic structures that can form the basis of
composite solutions to the problem of design. The authors also believe that the properties employed
by the golden mean increase the aesthetic constituent of the solution.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.8.34-38
References
- Gil’bert D., Kon-Fossen S. Naglyadnaya geometriya [Visual Geometry]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1951.
- Polezhaev Yu.O. Ratsional’nye proportsii arkhitekturno-stroitel’nykh ob”ektov v proektsionnoy geometrii [Rational Proportions of Architectural Structures in Projective Geometry]. Moscow, ASV Publ., 2010.
- Gil’bert D. Osnovaniya geometrii [Basics of Geometry]. Moscow, OGIZ Publ., 1948.
- Korn G. Spravochnik po matematike [Reference Book of Mathematics]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1974.
- Saprykina N.A. Osnovy dinamicheskogo formoobrazovaniya v arkhitekture [Fundamentals of Dynamic Shaping in the Architecture]. Moscow, Arkhitektura-S Publ., 2005.
-
Stetskiy Sergey Vyacheslavovich -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Architecture, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation.
-
Khodeir Walid Abbas -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
postgraduate student, Department of Architecture, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation;
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.
The article deals with the problem of enhancing the light environment inside residential buildings
by means of combined methods of sun protection in the hot and sunny climate of Lebanon.
The proposed sunscreens are effective both if the insolation intensity goes up and down. For
example, the light, refl ected by the sun protection unit located below the storey in question, brings
more natural light into those sections of rooms that are located further from the window, so the illumination
factor in these areas is substantially increased. However, the aforementioned pattern
of natural light design is effi cient in the clear sky environment of the sunny climate, which differs
a lot from the standard conditions of the grey sky. On top of the above, the new approach to the
identifi cation of the T4 factor value is proposed. This factor describes the impact produced by the
sunscreen in the clear sky environment. In this case, its value shall not be taken as constant.
Theoretical and practical research was completed to identify the role of sun protection devices
(sunscreens) in the course of natural (passive) regulation of the light environment inside buildings.
The principal item of research was the condition of the illumination environment inside the premises
under consideration. The research was performed inside a residential building located in a new
district of Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. The research comprised several stages, including theoretical
and fi eld researches of the light environment inside the premises under consideration in the
aftermath of installation of sunscreens.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.8.39-45
References
- Gusev N.M. Osnovy stroitel’noy fi ziki [Fundamentals of Building Physics]. Moscow, Stroyizdat Publ., 1975.
- Tvarovskiy M. Solntse v arkhitekture [Sun in Architecture]. Moscow, Stroyizdat Publ., 1977.
- Mitnik M.Yu., Spiridonov A.V. Inzhenernyy metod rascheta sistem estestvennogo osveshcheniya pomeshcheniy s ratsional’noy solntsezashchitoy [Engineering Method of Analysis of Natural Lighting Systems in the Premises with Rational Sunlight Protection]. Svetotekhnika [Illumination Engineering]. 1990, no. 10. pp. 16—19.
- Kharnes E., Mekhta M. Regulirovanie solnechnoy radiatsii v zdaniyakh [Regulation of Solar Radiation inside Buildings]. Moscow, Stroyizdat Publ., 1984.
- Solov’ev A.K. Otsenka svetovoy sredy proizvodstvennykh pomeshcheniy v usloviyakh yasnogo neba [Assessment of the Lighting Environment of Industrial Premises in the Clear Sky Climate]. Moscow, Svetotekhnika [Illumination Engineering]. 1987, no. 7. pp. 14—16.
- Stetskiy S.V., Amkhaz Kh. Rol’ solntsezashchitnykh ustroystv v pomeshcheniyakh administrativnykh zdaniy dlya usloviy Beyruta [The Role of Sun Protection Devices in the Premises of Offi ce Buildings in the Conditions of Beirut]. Stroitel’nye materialy, oborudovanie i tekhnologii XXI veka [Building Materials, Equipment and Technologies of the 21st Century]. 2004, no. 12. pp. 52—53.
- SNiP 23-05—95*. Estestvennoe i iskusstvennoe osveshchenie. [Construction Norms and Rules 23-05—95*. Natural and Artificial Illumination]. Moscow, State Committee for Construction, Residential Housing and Utilities, 2004.
- SP 23-102—2003. Estestvennoe osveshchenie zhilykh i obshchestvennykh zdaniy. [Construction Rules 23-102-2003. Natural Illumination of Residential and Public Buildings]. Moscow, State Committee for Construction, Residential Housing and Utilities, 2003.
- Stetskiy S.V., Suliman Samekh. Povyshenie urovney estestvennoy osveshchennosti v pomeshcheniyakh grazhdanskikh zdaniy s sistemoy bokovogo estestvennogo osveshcheniya dlya usloviy zharkogo i solnechnogo klimata [Improvement of Natural Illumination in Civic Buildings That Have a System of Natural Side Illumination in the Hot and Sunny Climate]. Moscow, Stroitel’nye materialy, oborudovanie i tekhnologii XXI veka [Building Materials, Equipment and Technologies of the 21st Century]. 2005, no. 5. pp. 82—84.
- Suliman Samekh. Sozdanie stroitel’nymi metodami komfortnoy akusticheskoy, svetovoy i insolyatsionnoy sredy dlya pomeshcheniy grazhdanskikh zdaniy v usloviyakh krupnykh gorodov Sirii (na primere goroda Damaska) [Employment of Civil Engineering Methods for the Generation of a Comfortable Architectural, Illumination and Insolation Environment for the Premises of Civic Buildings in Major Cities of Syria (exemplifi ed by Damascus)]. Moscow, 2006.
- Salo Mokhamed Ali. Povyshenie effektivnosti sistem estestvennogo osveshcheniya v proizvodstvennykh zdaniyakh Sirii (na primere predpriyatiy pishchevoy promyshlennosti) [Improvement of Efficiency of Natural Illumination Systems in Industrial Buildings of Syria (exemplifi ed by food processing enterprises)]. Moscow, 2005.
-
Churakov Sergey Konstantinovich -
Moscow Architectural Institute
Associated Professor, Department of
Soviet and Modern Foreign Architecture
8 (495) 62 1-40-85, Moscow Architectural Institute, Rozhdestvenka St., Moscow, 107031, Russian Federation;
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.
The author analyzes the origin and the history of the periptery, examines into the etymology of
this word, and traces its roots in Minoan and Mycenaean cultures.
The history of classical architecture is full of myths. One of them is related to the origin of
periptery, the main type of a classical antique temple. Traditionally, it dates back to the samples
of the 7th-4th centuries B.C., although it is obvious that this type of temples has a longer history.
The term "periptery" is said to originate from an ancient cult established prior to the construction
of the Greek Pantheon. It is composed of the two Greek words: "peri" - around, near,
and "pteron" - a side wing, a side colonnade or an outhouse. As a result, the initial defi nition is
formed - "winged from all sides", while all present-day sources (e.g. Encyclopedia Britannica) use
a much simpler translation - "rectangular building with a colonnade on all four sides".
However, speaking about the drama of post and lintel elements in the Order System, it is not
apparent why, for example, the Temple of Poseidon at Paestum or the Parthenon can be called
"winged", particularly, the Temple of Poseidon, with its ponderous Doric Order. And strictly speaking,
so sensual a tune is typical for the Hellenistic period.
The "winged" theme has nothing to do with the forms of the Periptery or its proportions. Minoan
and Mycenaean temples are a lot older than the Greek ones, therefore, the "winged" may
mean natural encircling of the temple with The Sacred Bird images. These birds were the permanent
"characters" of the Mysteries throughout the Mediterranean region and Ancient East. In the
Sumerian-Acadian culture, the word "fortune" was depicted as a hieroglyph that looked like a bird,
and fortune "management" was one of the functions of the supreme deity.
One of the translations of the word "pteron" is not just a "wing", but also a "winged creature" (a
bird, a griffi n, a sphinx). Polybius (201 - 122 B.C.) used "periptery" in the meaning of "surrounded
by columns", but much later Plutarch (46 - 127 A.D.) named it "a side colonnade" and "a side building".
Practically, the name of one of the temple elements was applied to the whole structure, which
indicated a special role of this "side colonnade", as the main visual sign of the temple being attributed
to the Supreme Deity. The classical form of the Periptery had two essential elements; they were
the two sculptures of birds on top of the columns that surrounded it on three sides, and proto-ionic
columns in front of the main Facade and in the cella (as in a temple in Neandria). Later, the main Facade
evolved as a column portico with a pediment, and on each of its corner akroterion - a sphinx
or a griffin - was placed, while the whole structure was crowned by an antefix formed as a palmette.
This is our reconstruction of the evolution of this type of temple in the course of 600 years, from
the 16th century B.C. through the 10th century B.C.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.8.46-53
References
- Losev A.F. Istoriya antichnoy estetiki [History of Ancient Aesthetics]. Moscow, Iskusstvo Publ., 1979, 727 p.
- D’yakonov I.M. Arkhaicheskie mify Vostoka i Zapada [Archaic Myths of East and West]. Moscow, Editorial URSS Publ., 2004, 248 p.
- Kifi shin A.G., Akimova L.I., editor. Vvedenie v khram. Opyt rekonstruktsii shumero-vavilonskogo mifo-rituala [Introduction into the Temple. Practical Reconstruction of Mythological Rituals of Shumerians and Babylonians]. Moscow, 1998, pp. 27—49.
-
Churakov Sergey Konstantinovich -
Moscow Architectural Institute
Associated Professor, Department of
Soviet and Modern Foreign Architecture
8 (495) 62 1-40-85, Moscow Architectural Institute, Rozhdestvenka St., Moscow, 107031, Russian Federation;
This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
.
The paper covers the genesis of the stereobate and its evolution as the base of the Classic
Greek Temple. Identification of the cultural sources of the stereobate requires a research into Ancient
East, Minoan, and Mycenaean cultures. During the Classic period, an almost comprehensive
reinterpretation of the temple basic elements occurred, although its base still stood firm as it did
through the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures. These traditions are proven by a number of essential
elements, particularly, in the setting of the temple upon the stereobate.
Several earliest available images demonstrate a temple on the top of the hill, in full compliance
with the present-day Minoan tradition. In later Mycenaean images, it is already depicted standing
on an artificial platform.
This temple type has not changed significantly, as it might be observed on the Cypriot coins
of the 10th century BC that bear an image of the main temple of Paphos Aphrodite (Astarte), placed
on an artificial hill — a stereobate.
On the one hand, placing the temple on a high stereobate could be linked to the formal tradition
of erecting the sanctuary on the top of a natural hill, but, on the other hand, this tradition refers
us to an ancient ritual going back to the culture of Ur, 5-4 millennium BC. This tradition demanded
that the temple had two sections: one above the ground level accessible for humans, and the underground
one belonging to the deity and concealed inside an artificial hill.
In the Greek culture, the underground temple was known as Adyton — the Holy of Holies, an inaccessible
sanctuary, located under the temple. There is no doubt that the Greeks cherished this tradition,
inherited from the Cretan-Mycenaean and Ancient East cultures. Arthur Evans discovered similar
structures during his excavations in Crete, and one can trace a fraction of the stereobate on a piece
of vase from the Heraklion Museum, with a human figure inside a sanctuary. There are Minoan gems
that represent a clearly visible masonry of the stereobate that replace a hill with an artificial platform.
A visible temple above the ground copied an invisible one - its underground counterpart? And
together they made an entity, where the stereobate emulated a hill with a temple of God, hidden
from the mortals. Later on, through the 10th to the 12th centuries BC, this vertical pattern somehow
lost its meaning, the underground temple was moved up to the dark cell, and the whole sanctuary
was transformed into a horizontal axial composition. Ultimately, this transition produced a strong
impact on the spatial pattern of the Greek temple, so that some memories of the Minoan past could
still be seen in the remains of Classic Greece.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.8.54-59
References
- Rogozina Z.A. Istoriya Assirii [History of Assyria]. St.Petersburg, 1902, p. 126.
- Leonard Vuli. Ur khaldeev [Chaldean Ur]. Moscow, 1961, p. 235.
- Akimova L.I., Kifi shin A.G. Teni bogov. Ob ontologicheskom smysle drevnikh kopiy [Shadows of the Gods. About the Ontological Essence of Ancient Spears]. Available at: www.prof.museum.ru.
- Evans A. The Palace of Minos at Knossos. Vol. I., 1921.
- Kifi shin A.G., Akimova L.I., editor. Vvedenie v khram. Opyt rekonstruktsii shumero-vavilonskogo mifo-rituala [Introduction into the Temple. Practical Reconstruction of Mythological Rituals of Sumerians and Babylonians]. Moscow, 1998, pp. 27—49.
- Pavsaniy. Opisanie Ellady [Description of Hellas]. Moscow, AST-Ladomir Publ., 2002, vol. 2, pp. 496—512.