The authors investigated tear resistance of a faсade expansion anchor from a steel socket - a material possessing greater strength properties than nylon expansion anchor socket, which allows defining the properties of a socket, but not of a wall material. The authors obtained a load diagram consisting of four areas. Area 1 almost corresponds to Hook's law up to peak force. Area 2 is an abrupt decrease of tearing force. Area 3 is a smooth descending branch up to ultimate deformation corresponding to product certificate. Area 4 is a final withdrawal of an expansion anchor as a inclined line. The authors offered a hypothesis about genesis and destruction of microdefects on the contact area of nylon sleeve by dowels of metal bushing. Mathematical description of the offered hypothesis is given.

The article presents the results of evaluation and prediction of reliability a building of the ship hull shop of Astrakhan sea plant under the action of complex combination of stresses. Basing on the values of geometric and stiffness characteristics, a computational model of the object of the study was built. The results were obtained in the course of realization of the method of limiting states, taking into account the random character of the current loads and the strength properties of the materials. Their reliability was confirmed by a multiple conduction of the searching algorithm of mathematical expectations and indicators of variations in the calculated parameters of building structures and operating loads. Numerical characteristics were determined by the results of two surveys of natural oscillations of the framework. During the study the authors evaluated stress-strain state of the building of the ship hull shop both taking into account seismic disturbances and their absence. The calculation of the perception of the seismic load was carried with choosing the earthquake model implementation by mapping the impact of the earthquake in the form of a set of random processes with defining spectra of the input and output. The presented results were obtained by the complex automation of calculating integrated indicators. Its components are: safety factor, depreciation rate of structures, reliability index and the residual resource of the framework. When predicting the durability of the research object the correlation dependencies are built in the form of: a fictitious function of generalized load; time function of stress; generalized function of the reserve coefficient; function of working capacity of the carcass structures; function of the reliability index. The developed algorithm for estimating the reliability of an industrial building can be adopted for use as a tool for further research. Its implementation allows accurately tracking the kinetics of the stress-strain state of individual elements and the overall framework of a particular object in the time of operation.

The contemporary precast-cast-in-place housing construction has become widely used on the territory of Russia. A great amount of big construction companies begin using the technology of precast and cast-in-place housing construction as the main one. This fact is proving the convenience of reinforced precast and cast-in-place concrete for the buildings of various functions in the climatic conditions of our country. Though there is a lack of investigations of such constructions though they are increasingly developing. Due to the lack of experimental research data existing at the moment, which allow estimating deformed condition of precast-cast-in-place constructions of slabs objectively, experimental research of hollow slab longitudinal beam with precast-cast-in-place and cast-in-place joist was carried out by the authors. The results of the given work prove the data previously obtained by the authors in their experiments using a fragment of precast-cast-in-place slab.

Today the design and calculation of pile foundations in rocks is poorly considered in the national regulatory and technical literature. It should be also noted that the need of taking into consideration the mechanical properties of rocky soils often occurs when designing structures for various purposes. The Requirements SP 24.13330.2011 “Pile foundations” in Appendix B (recommended) set out the calculation methodology of the combined effect of a horizontal force and torque of a single pile. The pile in this methodology is substituted by beam on an elastic foundation and the surrounding soil may be regarded as a linear-elastic deformable medium characterized by a coefficient of subgrade reaction. The manual for the design of pile foundations contains two calculation methods of piles for the combined effect of horizontal forces and torque (basic and tabular methods), which are based on considering the subgrade reaction on the side of a pile. Also this guide provides the guidance on calculation of single piles in rock under lateral loading. At the same time uniaxial compressive strength of intact rock is used as the main characteristics for rock massive. In general, the methods outlined in the manual are extensive explanation of the design methods with the examples of calculation, which is the development of the paragraph of the construction norms SNIP , which are now replaced by the actualized SP. In the analysis of the foreign experience of the design of drilled shafts in rock, there are three main groups of calculation methods of laterally loaded drilled shafts in rock: 1. Analytical methods based on the theory of elasticity; 2. Joint deformation of piles and soil with taking into account the non-linear subgrade reaction of soil (the so-called “p-y method”); 3. Numerical methods (FEM and DEM), which are implemented in a variety of special software computer systems. Among the first group of methods the following ones should be distinguished: Carter and Kulhawy (1992) and Zhang (2000). The “p-y” method was studied by Reese (1997). Poulos and Davis (1980) obtained solutions for piles using numerical methods. Randolph (1981) made a parametrical study of drilled shafts socketed into continuous elastic rock mass. The analysis of domestic and foreign calculation methods shows that there are no methods, which can be effectively applied both at the preliminary and detailed stage of the project. The majority of them require obtaining specific data, such as the coefficient of subgrade reaction along the length of the shaft or p-y deformation curves for a reliable estimation of shaft behavior in each case . However, today the materials on rock mechanics are accumulated and systematized, allowing to accurately enough determine the mechanical characteristics of the rock mass with a limited number of input data. Furthermore, the numerical modeling methods, having significant development and upgrading recently, can replace time-consuming and expensive field-testing. It is also worth considering that the numerical simulation can be effectively used on the stage of detailed calculations. In this preliminary study for the project design the use of numerical methods can be combined with the method of experimental design that allows getting the desired response function depending on several factors. Guided by this approach, the author carried out the study of the numerical models of laterally loaded drilled shafts in rock. Using 3D modeling and experimental design method the behavior of shafts was described depending on various factors. After processing of the results it is possible to obtain the parametric dependencies and nomograms. In this study, the parameters and the limits of their changes were chosen. In order to carry out the numerical experiment the matrix of experimental design was created that allows within the varied factors to obtain a mathematical relationship (response function) of bearing capacity of the shaft from three selected factors. The experiments and calculations allowed obtaining the dependence of bearing capacity of shaft from the set parameters: The checking of the adequacy of the equation shows the convergence of 2...9 % and it was conducted on the models with intermediate features within a selected factor space. The further processing and systematization of the obtained results is currently conducted, as well as the construction of nomograms after obtaining of parametric equations. The results of this study may be used for the preliminary assessment of the bearing capacity and deformation of laterally loaded drilled shafts in rocks. Using this technique it is also possible to reduce the number of field tests and increase their efficiency, reduce material consumption and the amount of shaft installation works, without decreasing of safety of the building.

An important element of modern automated systems of management, monitoring and control of remote access modules is information about the state and behavior of a static or moving object. In many existing and planned monitoring systems processing graphical image of the object is used, which is obtained by the photo detectors and, thus, the possibility of determining geometric and kinematic parameters of a moving object is significantly reduced due to various aspects of image acquisition, one of such aspects is blur. In the present work, algorithms of the primary information processing obtained on the basis of the graphic image study of a movable or stationary object are improved using the methods and procedures of statistical analysis that allow approximating theoretical results to experimental results. The use of statistical analysis and probabilistic approach increase the accuracy of the determined characteristics, applicability of calculation procedures of the state parameters (size, shape, distance from the observer) and behavior of the object (speed and direction) and reduce the computational complexity of the final algorithm. The Bayesian estimation was obtained based on the use of quadratic, rectangular and simple loss function under normal, Laplace, uniform and lognormal distribution of errors, which allow drawing conclusions about the intervals of various models and algorithms to determine the parameters of different objects. When using the statistical approach it is taken into account that the errors are random in nature and may be considered a variety of probability density functions (normal, lognormal, Laplace and uniform distributions to minimize risks under different loss functions (quadratic, rectangular, linear), and then evaluated using the method of least squares, method of least modules and the Bayesian approach. When performing the evaluation the properties of unbiased, consistency and efficiency are important. Sustainable procedure should have the following properties: for the selected model, the procedure should be close to optimum efficiency; the results should be close to nominal, calculated for the adopted model; the effect of large errors must be eliminated. We use the minimax method of Huber, which assumes that the best estimate will not be worse than in the case of the “least favorable” density distribution. Decision rule is based on the definition of such density that minimizes the information of Fischer that is the variance function of the contribution of the sample. In the present study we offer the procedure of finding a theoretical function based on the assumption that the errors are subjected to the known laws of distribution: normal (Gaussian), Laplacian, uniform, lognormal. This is a significant advantage of the proposed methodology compared to the one used in the previous works of the authors, it is proposed here to use the Bayesian estimation of the measurements as unknown theoretical function that needs to be obtained closer to the observational measurements.

The article is devoted to the investigation of chemical composition of cement stone modified by micro- and nanoscale barium hydrosilicates. It is shown that introduction of a nanomodifier leads to increased amount of various calcium hydrosilicates, lowers the amount of portlandite and calcium hydrosulfoaluminates. The specifics of influence of various barium hydrosilicates on the chemical composition of cement stone is revealed. It is shown that sol made of precursor with the content of С(Fe(OH)3) = 0.7 %, α = 1.0 (that was stored for 28 days) is the most effective among all other examined nanomodifiers. This can be due to the specific values of silicic acid concentration in the modifier and also by pH value of the medium; other factors may also affect the efficiency. Because of different content of silicic acid the modification of the portland cement by micro-sized barium hydrosilicates decreasesthe amount of portlandite (about two times). The sequential modification with nano- and micro-scale modifiers allows reducing the amount of portlandite by 3.67…60.5 times. Thus, nanomodification of the previously optimized (at the micro scale) cement composite (cement stone) is the most effective. High efficiency of the sol that was made of precursor with the content of С(Fe(OH)3) = 0.5 %, α = 1.5 is also observed. During our experiments we have also revealed the distinctive feature of the nanomodification of cement stone. This feature consists in content growth for specific type of calcium hydrosilicates. In particular, by means of using the sol that was made of precursor with the content of С(Fe(OH)3) = 0.5-0.7 %, α = 1.0, the amount of silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons can be magnified; the relative amount of silicon-oxygen ν(SiO) chains can also be increased in case of α = 1.5.

For production of a glued bar according to operating normative documentation qualitative coniferous wood should be used. The stock of such wood is almost exhausted. Therefore the task of resource-saving while producing glued bars comes to the fore. Two ways of increasing the efficiency of building constructions made of wood are offered in the article. The essence of the first way consists in the use of thin truncated timber as outside lamels. Such timber is produced of knot-free zones of trunks. Thus resistance to heat transfer of the offered and traditional bar differs slightly. Economic calculations showed lowering of the expenditure of wood by production of a glued bar with lamels of different thickness by 7 % that leads to more rational use of all wood of a trunk. The second way to increase of efficiency of the guarding constructions consists in the use of a heater in a multi-layer glued bar. The basis of this heater is natural material of lean production waste - shove. In its anatomic and chemical structure shove is similar to wood, it is an ecologically safe and cheap heater. Therefore in the offered glued bar three lamels of wood of coniferous breeds interstratified with two shove plates 20 millimeters thick. The coefficient of heat conduction of such bar practically doesn’t differ from coefficient of heat conduction of a traditional five-layer glued bar. Thus essential reduction in cost of materials for its production almost by 50 % makes such a bar economically attractive is watched.

Industrial and civil buildings and other construction objects during operation are subject to force and environmental impacts influencing their structural and technological parameters. Operational integrity of buildings greatly depends on crack-resistance of roof coatings. In this relation the search for new technological solutions for choosing optimal compositions and components is an important and current scientific task. Labor intensity of repair technology and absence of objective assessment method of coating state lead to crack formation and rapid wear. The authors examined mastics properties influencing crack resistance of roof coatings and waterproof coverings made of water-emulsion bitumen mastics and established the dependence of crack-resistance of coatings made of water-emulsion bitumen mastics from the type of powdered filler-emulsifier. The results of the work show that crack resistance of roof mastic coatings increases when using asphalt-claydite mixture as coupling, which is made of bitumen emulsion with high roughness of coupling surface.

In the foreign countries there exist not only design guidelines but also standards for testing of FRP materials. These codes do not recommend using FRP bars in compressive members, such as columns. But the compressive strength shouldn’t be neglected according to those design codes. In our country the standards for FRP testing and design codes are just in the process of development. This paper contains the analysis results of the possibility of GFRP bars use as the main longitudinal reinforcement in compressive members. The most recent research data on this subject is presented. The studies show that the strength of the specimens grow rapidly with the decreasing tie spacing in columns. We can also make a conclusion that the GFRP bars contribution is only 5 % lower than the contribution of traditional steel bars. Some other research data shows that in case of the tie spacing close to the design codes limitations there is no strength increase in the same specimens made of plain concrete.

Wood is a combustible building material. In case of fire in buildings constructed with the use of wood and wood-based materials, there is a risk of rapid fire spread and increases the risk of death from the integrated impact of such hazards as a high ambient temperature, smoke and toxicity of combustion products. The influence of surface treatment of wood by the compositions based on alkyl ethers phosphorous acids on fire hazard of wood was studied. In the work the following methods were used for determining fire properties of modified wood: method for determining the fire-resistance rating, the method for determining the class of low flammability substances and materials, the method of experimental determination of flame spread index, the method of experimental determination of the smoke ability of solid substances and materials. As a result of tests concluded that compositions based on dimethylphosphite and diethylphosphite have high fire retardant efficiency. Bio protection of modified wood was determined according to State Standards GOST 9.048-89. In accordance with this GOST, wood surface was modified with tested compounds, brought up to constant weight in the desiccator, and then infected by spores of Aspergillusniger van Tieghem, Aspergillusserreus Thom, Aureobasidiumpullulans (de Вагу) Amaud, Paecilomycesvaioti Bainier, Penicilliumfuniculosum Thom, Penicilliumochrochloron Biourge, Scopuiahopsisbrevicaulis Bainier, Trichodermaviride Pers Ex Fr. As a result of testing of the original wood samples in tropical climates within 28 days the wood surface was grown with mushrooms at 80...85 % of the surface. Based on the results it can be concluded that the most effective protective compounds for wood are esters of phosphorous acid, in particular, diethyl phosphite, which is an effective smoke suppressor.

In the large cities of Vietnam there is a serious problem of providing the drinking water of good quality to population and industry in the required quantity and with sufficient pressure. Chaotic building in certain areas has resulted in the formation of quite complex water systems, consisting of large main pipelines and a plurality of dead ends. Because of insufficient water pressure in the water network, the majority of consumers have to install individual reservoirs and tanks on the roofs of the buildings. The uneven water withdrawal from the network and its irrational use violates the hydraulic regime of water supply and distribution. The authors offer a water supply scheme with the accompanying transit flow lines with pipes of smaller diameter which allow providing the required amount of water and increasing the pressure on the ring. Hydraulic calculations of ring network were made using the software program WaterGEMS V8i for the worst case of the system of water supply. The plots of the water supply network show an increase in diameter of pipes is required, which greatly reduces pressure losses and ensures a reliable supply of water to the consumer. In order to solve the problem of optimal power flow, a scheme of water supply with associated main pipelines with smaller diameter was created. Laying of main pipelines accompanied by parallel lines connected to them provide better hydraulic conditions, reduce the pressure loss in the piping and shortens power consumption.

The article deals with the peculiarities of suction tubes operation at HPP hydraulic turbines. The suction tubes are shown to provide the recovery of head due to the static and dynamic reduction of pressure under the working wheel. The conditions of their successful functioning on head recovery are shown. In particular, the necessity of providing water movement without breakaway and whirlpool areas in suction pipe elements are underlined. The importance of providing more uniform velocities field at the output section of diffuser element is indicated since this leads to reduction of velocity head losses and increase in efficiency of hydraulic turbine operation. The results of flow velocities hydraulic tests at diffusor diverting waterway are made using a spatial model. Flow relative velocity distribution at the output section is shown. Based on experimental data processing the flow main features are determined. In particular, water flow velocity variation factor is obtained. Its value reaches 2.09 due to the use of water discharge installation with asymmetric increase of section height. The necessity to use large scale suction tube structures of a toggle type for low and average pressure HPPs with reactive vertical axial hydroturbines is proved. It is important to develop suction tube designs which would not raise the construction costs when being installed and at the same time would not permit unfavorable cavitation conditions. Advanced suction tube designs developed with the participation of the authors are given. Specifically it is recommended to change the ceiling inclination angle in the section ceiling element to provide a breakaway-free water flow from the walls at the changing operation modes of the hydraulic turbogenerator unit differing from each other by the amounts of passing water discharge and hence, by the velocities of the water flow. In another design - in a suction tube with a bypass cavity - a system of holes is provided in the ceiling of the diffuser parts. Through them the water input can be made into the zone of the maximal pressure drop of the output diffuser. Thanks to it the vacuum value is diminished and the conditions for cavitation are eliminated. Reduction of flow pressure pulsation is achieved as well. Thus, a conclusion is made on the expediency of developing new efficient designs of suction tubes providing the improvement of their operation conditions.

In recent years, domestic and foreign scientific literature and regulatory documents refer to a trend of using the theory of risk in assessing the harmful effects of underflooding on buildings, constructions and industrial sites of various applications. The requirements of state standards, building regulations require carrying out “dangerous impact level assessment within the territory of the existing or forecasted uderflooding”. In this case “the drainage rates accepted in the design of protective structures must in each case ensure the position of the groundwater level below the critical level”. The authors have developed a methodology and specific methods of calculating the permissible levels of ground water for local construction projects based on risk theory and examples of calculation. Based on the research results, the following conclusions were made: 1. In accordance with the existing regulations of the Russian Federation in the design of engineering systems, the protection from underflooding should in each case ensured the position of groundwater levels below the critical level. In this connection, in each case calculations of drainage standards and acceptable levels of ground water must be carried out in the interpretation of the theory of risk. 2. The methodology was offered for calculation of these quantities on the basis of the existing requirements for calculation of the security levels when flooding of city and plant territories. 3. The authors obtained calculated dependencies and developed a method of calculation of the critical level of groundwater for local facilities with regard for their categories and responsibility level, geotechnical, hydrogeological conditions, features of the surrounding buildings, the possibility of hazardous processes induced by underflooding, deterioration of the object, etc. 4. The authors give recommendations for the calculation of the permissible norms of drainage and admissible groundwater depth in the design of engineering systems, protection from flooding of both newly designed facilities and existing and reconstructed objects. 5. The method of calculation is illustrated by an example, allowing not only to assess the rate of drainage and acceptable levels of groundwater for planned and existing facilities, but also to judge the negative impact of underflooding on the object.

The authors investigated potential flow in a cylindrical coordinate frame, which is induced by two features situated in infinite space filled with ideal (nonviscous) fluid. The discharge is a circle situated on infinite impenetrable cylinder and an infinite vortex line coincident with the cylinder axis. The discharge - circle creates meridional potential liquid flow, and the vortex line creates potential rotation of fluid around the cylinder. The total motion of fluid is special. The function of velocities potential is presented as a sum of two functions, one of which defines meridional flow, and the second - liquid rotation, the analytic expression of which is known. There is no analytic dependence for the potential function of the velocities of the observed discharge - circle and we yet fail to get it. That’s why the authors used a new approach to investigation of potential flows, which have no analytic expression of potential function, developed by I.E. Mikhaylov. It is based on kinematic similitude of two flows, for one of which the potential function is known. This function is basic and the analytical dependence of the unknown function of velocity potentials is presented as a product of basic function and theoretically justified coefficient -velocity corrective, which correlates with the velocity of unknown motion. The authors obtained analytic dependencies for velocity correctives, velocity components, stream surfaces and their meridian sections, fluid lines projections of the total flow on the horizontal plane, which are spiral-shaped. The investigation has finished appearance and is ready for engineering solution. It is stated, that the flow formed by vortex discharge - circle well corresponds to liquid motion in spiral turbine cases and may be used for their calculation.

Identification of the random component in the development of investment and construction activities play an important role in forecasting future conditions, as well as in determining the optimal technical and economic parameters of the system. In this regard, the task of the hierarchy level of an investment and construction activity is to set the range of possible trajectories and the likelihood of their realization. This is one of the possibilities to justify decisions aimed at bringing investment and construction activities to the path of sustainable growth. As part of the article common technical and economic systems and their constituents are discussed: certain elements (for example: construction production), the task of which is to speed up the overall process of economic growth. The creation principles of controllable economic impacts were formed, which are the driving force of the overall steady growth, which is particularly important in planning and management as a whole, as well as in the design of development trajectories. We described the required conditions for priority development of those elements of the system, which accelerate its overall growth. The Influence System (organizer of the construction) affects the dynamics of growth of the system (contractor). The scientific findings of the article describe the entropy of the probability space of sustained growth of investment and construction activities at a timepoint. Knowing the probability space of the growth of investment and construction activities and identification of entropy can be a useful tool for practical forecasting and planning of the construction and management systems at the levels of the hierarchy.

The authors have previously defined the queuing system with a bunker storage and an interval delay of service beginning and its simulation discrete-event model was implemented with setting adequacy introduced into system observation. In the present article the authors developed discrete-event and agent-based simulation models of queuing networks connected in series with the phases that are queuing systems (QS) with the bunker and the interval delay of service beginning. A comparative analysis of the developed simulation models is conducted. The dynamic structures allow the buffer transition possibility of transactions between phases and different disciplines of applications queues transmission using priority, including selfish based on stochastic approaches. Using the Fishman-Kiviat criterion the authors set the adequacy of logical operation of the developed model. It is also important to note, that agent models are characterized by decentralized behavior of applications in comparison to the centralized behavior of applications in discrete-event realizations. That’s why the choice of model type depends on the requirements to the business-process being simulated and the level of abstraction.

The main aim of intelligent building as a system is constant adaptation to life cycle of inhabitants, preservation of dynamic equilibrium (homeostasis) of the building parameters corresponding to the preferences of the residents, energy efficiency and safety. Adaptation happens with the help of three additional groups of components if compared to common buildings. They form a system of “artificial” building intelligence: hardware, software, communication network. This article concerns integration of an intelligent building and a functional model. The usage of middleware for integration was substantiated. The following requirements to middleware were set: delivery to several recipients, low-latency, asynchronous delivery, messages prioritization, durability and configurable time to live, heterogeneous integration. Based on the conducted analysis, message-oriented middleware with publisher-subscriber and point-to-point models was selected. The authors proved that middleware is necessary for integration of the system of artifical intelligence of a building and a functional model. The most adaptable solution is today the use of middleware based on message passing.

The authors’ scientific hypothesis is that a selection of the most appropriate smart building solution for a particular building can be done properly only using functional modeling. “Intelligent” building was examined from the point of view of systems theory and cybernetics for the purpose of identifying essential factors which should be taken into account in functional modeling. The goal of an “intelligent” building, as a system, was identified as a continuous adaptation to the building occupants’ life-cycle. Building Intelligence Quotient serves the purpose of a quantification of the system’s goal. The system state is a set of building parameters which can be measured by sensors and meters. Two main factors that influence the changes of the system state are: occupants’ activities and outside environment changes. A functional model of an “intelligent” building should be able to provide the ability to simulate such influence. Based on the conducted system analysis, system engineering principles, which can be particularly helpful for a functional model development of “intelligent” buildings, were selected: the principle of a functional system, the probabilistic-statistical principle, the principle of simulation modeling, the principle of interactive graphics, the feasibility study principle.

The article describes four software packages that allow considering the problem of constructing shadows in various aspects of application to the educational process. As a learning task we took shadow casting as the most illustrative task allowing to reproduce it in animation programs. As the main programs we considered AutoCAD 2010 and Compass 3D. For providing educational process (lecture material) we considered animation programs, in particular, 3ds Max. We also considered a program that generates a variety of examination options for students (Delphi and Mathematica), with the ability to quickly adjust the range of variable parameters of the objects. Due to the fact that it is impossible to observe the entire set of software products that allow you to tailor them to meet the challenges of descriptive geometry, the most popular programs in their class were chosen.

Thermal insulation of facades provides: improving the comfort of residents, reducing energy consumption for heating the building, reducing CO2 emissions by 5 times, reduction of energy intensity of gross product, increasing the durability of building envelopes. The article observes the results of the conference Facades of Russia+ 2015. The prospects for the facades’ market in all of its major business segments: translucent facades, ventilated facades and plaster facades with insulation, fire fronts were discussed at the second congress of the faсade’s market Facades of Russia+ 2015. The speakers focused on the analysis of the faсade market, faсade technologies, fire protection of faсade systems, hinged ventilated facades, faсade heat-insulating composition faсade systems, curtain walls. The congress, organized by the Congress Bureau ODF Events, was attended by the leading experts of the faсade’s market from branch institutes, higher educational institutions, supervisory bodies, heads of factories of facade materials and installation companies. The results of the market investigation justify the irretionality of the forecasts on faсade market decline and critical condition of the branch.