Subject: formation of normative-technical and scientific-methodological base in the field of operation of buildings and structures, development and updating of codes of rules and state standards in this area of professional activity became one of the priority projects of the scientific and technical policy of the Russian Federation. Currently, in terms of development of regulatory and technical documents of the Federal Autonomous Institution “Federal Center for Regulations, Standardization and Technical Conformity Assessment in Construction”, subordinated to the Ministry of Construction of Russia, there are a number of documents on the operation of buildings and structures. The need to develop this regulatory and technical base for the operation of buildings and structures is due to the fact that in the current period, about 1000 regulatory documents exist for the regulation of design and construction, and only one was developed and approved for the operation of buildings and structures - the Code of Regulations “Buildings and structures. Rules of operation. Basic provisions”. A program was initiated by two Technical Committees - Technical Committee 465 “Construction” and Technical Committee 393 “Services in the field of housing and communal services and management of multi-apartment buildings”, responsible for ensuring safety in the process of operating buildings and structures. Based on the agreement on interaction of the two committees TK-465 and TK-393 on the development and implementation of standards and codes of regulations in the field of construction and housing and communal services, the program for ensuring the safety of buildings at all stages of the life cycle and providing a comfortable environment for life is being implemented. In addition, the state program for the development of codes of practice in the field of operation, taking into account the specifics of the functional purpose of buildings and structures, makes provisions for incorporation of special operational requirements to the regulatory and technical documents being developed at the present time with the goal of developing the basic Code of Regulations “Buildings and structures. Rules of operation. Basic provisions”. The results of this work can be used in modernization of the professional cycle of educational disciplines for students of the specialization “Technical operation of housing and communal facilities” with the major “Civil Engineering”. Research objectives: modernization of the content of educational programs in terms of adaptation of the professional cycle of disciplines to the development and practice of applying a new regulatory and technical framework; harmonization of the content of educational programs with a new generation of normative and technical documents in the field of operation of buildings and structures. Materials and methods: generalization and analysis and systematization of the requirements of the regulatory framework, as well as scientific research and practical experience in the field of safe operation of buildings and a comfortable environment for life, as applied to updating of educational programs. Results: formation of the updated methodological base for the specialization of bachelor’s and master’s programs “Technical operation of housing and communal facilities”. Conclusions: the scientific and methodological base for updating the contents of the disciplines of the professional cycle of training bachelors and masters of the specialization “Technical operation of housing and communal facilities” has been developed and applied. The results of the work can be used to modernize the professional cycle of academic disciplines of this specialty.

Nowadays in Russian cities a significant part of the housing stock in areas of existing buildings has a high level of physical and moral deterioration, indicators of infrastructure elements do not meet the current and future requirements. Reconstruction of residential buildings is one of the important directions in solving the housing problem. This will allow us to not only extend the life cycle but also significantly improve the quality of housing, eliminate a communal settlement, provide the houses with modern engineering equipment, improve architectural expressiveness of buildings and increase their energy efficiency. For buildings of different construction periods an individual approach is required in the development of methods and technologies of reconstruction. At the same time, the process should take place not in a separate building but in a group of buildings, neighborhood or district. This makes it possible to undertake a comprehensive assessment of the urban development situation and make the most rational decisions to meet modern conditions, and provide logical connection between various architectural trends. At the same time, there are possibilities for compaction and decompaction of buildings, the rational use of inter-district, underground space and communication systems. Moscow region is a large region, which occupies an area of 46 thousand square kilometers. The region includes more than 38 municipalities (municipal districts, urban and rural settlements). The region’s population is more than 7 million people. Moscow oblast has a central location in the Russian Federation and a close relationship with the capital. This relationship with Moscow is manifested through common social, scientific, industrial, transport links, environmental protection problems, labor resources. In 2016 the total area of the housing stock in Moscow region was about 220 million sq. m. The total area of dilapidated and emergency housing stock is just over 2.5 million sq. m. In addition, a significant part of the housing stock needs major repair and reconstruction. In this regard, a priority when planning cities should be given to the renovation of buildings to create a safe and comfortable living environment. Subject: reconstruction of five-storey residential buildings of series 1-447 on the territory of Moscow region. Research objectives: development of volume-spatial techniques for reconstruction of five-storey residential buildings of series 1-447. Materials and methods: analysis of three most applicable options for reconstruction of buildings of the first mass series on the example of brick five-storey buildings of series 1-447. Results: for five-story brick residential buildings of series 1-447 we recommend volume-spatial reconstruction method with symmetric broadening of the building by 3 m and a superstructure up to 9 floors.

Subject: studying the main directions for increasing durability and safety of unique, technically complex objects on the example of the Kayrakkum HPP. The peculiarity of operation of this kind of structures is the specificity of physical, chemical and mechanical factors that negatively affect their durability. However, complexity of the technical solution execution does not allow us to completely replace these structures after expiration of their standard service life. Taking into account the uniqueness of the HPP, the programs for the operational suitability restoration are individual. The main problems of reconstruction are considered, which consist in the necessity of, firstly, increasing the station’s productivity, and secondly, ensuring the stability of the dam to erosion and scours. Research objectives: the goal of the study was to develop proposals for improvement of operational suitability of the Kayrakkum HPP based on data on the technical condition of its main units, buildings, and rockfill dam. Materials and methods: in the process of long-term operation, due to filtration processes, seismic influences, the performance parameters of buildings and structures of hydropower plants deteriorate, which negatively affects the reliability of their operation. Therefore, based on the methods of mathematical statistics, data on the projected flood were analyzed. The data on the technical condition of the main HPP equipment were also analyzed and the main directions of its modernization were determined. Results: an assessment of the probability of destruction of the dam showed the need to strengthen it to reduce water filtration. A comparative analysis of possible options for reconstruction of the Kayrakkum HPP has shown the need for an integrated approach that will allow us to solve both the issues of ensuring safety requirements in accordance with international quality standards and enhancement of the plant’s capacity to increase the generation of electricity, the demand for which has increased over time. Out of four technological solutions to reduce filtration into the body of the dam, an option of the central diaphragm from the secant bored piles has been chosen as the least affecting the production cycle of the entire complex. Conclusions: the results of this work can be used when clarifying the repair work organization project to link the technological cycles in such a way as to reduce the losses in generation of electricity caused by execution of works on reconstruction.

Subject: the paper describes the research results on validation of a rural settlement developmental model. The basic methods and approaches for solving the problem of assessment of the urban and rural settlement development efficiency are considered. Research objectives: determination of methodological approaches to modeling and creating a model for the development of rural settlements. Materials and methods: domestic and foreign experience in modeling the territorial development of urban and rural settlements and settlement structures was generalized. The motivation for using the Pentagon-model for solving similar problems was demonstrated. Based on a systematic analysis of existing development models of urban and rural settlements as well as the authors-developed method for assessing the level of agro-towns development, the systems/factors that are necessary for a rural settlement sustainable development are identified. Results: we created the rural development model which consists of five major systems that include critical factors essential for achieving a sustainable development of a settlement system: ecological system, economic system, administrative system, anthropogenic (physical) system and social system (supra-structure). The methodological approaches for creating an evaluation model of rural settlements development were revealed; the basic motivating factors that provide interrelations of systems were determined; the critical factors for each subsystem were identified and substantiated. Such an approach was justified by the composition of tasks for territorial planning of the local and state administration levels. The feasibility of applying the basic Pentagon-model, which was successfully used for solving the analogous problems of sustainable development, was shown. Conclusions: the resulting model can be used for identifying and substantiating the critical factors for rural sustainable development and also become the basis of administrative decisions.

Subject: investigation of local stability of cellular beams with circular openings, which are widely used in civil engineering. The main problem in this field is the absence of analytical relations for evaluation of critical load of perforated beams. Research objectives: show effectiveness of studying the local stability of perforated beams on small-scale models made of tin; obtain a relationship for recalculating the results of the model tests onto the full-scale structure; check the reliability of numerical calculations of the critical load by the finite element method (FEM). Materials and methods: tests were performed on the tin models of small beams of 32 cm length and on the full-scale steel structure of 4 m length. As for research methods, we used similarity theory, experiments and numerical modeling of stability by the finite element method with help of the software package ANSYS. Results: it was shown that the tests of small-scale models give reliable results for estimation of critical load for full-scale structures that experience local buckling in elastic stage of loading. Obtained relationship for recalculation of critical load of the model onto the full-scale structure does not require strict observance of similarity with respect to Poisson’s ratio and size of flanges because their influence on the critical load is small. Comparison of data obtained from the model tests with the results of structure analysis by the finite element method showed that FEM calculations give reliable results for prediction of stability, and the testing of models is needed only for examining the effect of initial imperfections in the form of small buckles, inaccuracy of manufacture or variation in thicknesses, or the influence of residual stresses due to welding. Discrepancy between the results of tests of the models and numerical calculations of the critical load by FEM does not exceed 6 %. Conclusions: the relationship obtained on the basis of similarity theory allows us to efficiently recalculate the critical load of the model onto the full-scale structure, for which only similarity of geometry of the perforated web from the side view, identity of boundary conditions and the loading type should be respected. Critical load of the cellular beam is proportional to the cube of the web thickness.

Normative documents for quality control of dry building mixtures (DBM) do not reflect the reliability of control, which increases the risk for manufacturer and consumer. Subject: studying the reliability of DBM quality control with the control of six parameters (density, mobility, water retention, compressive strength, water absorption with capillary suction, adhesion strength). Research objectives: estimate errors of the first and second kind for each of the measurement parameters, risks for manufacturer and consumer, and also the reliability of control as a function of the number of controlled parameters used in various combinations. Materials and methods: a light stucco solution with a density of less than 1300 kg/m3 is taken as an example of DBM. Results: it has been established that the values of producer and consumer risks decrease with a decrease in the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of the error. It is shown that when controlling all six quality parameters of the DBM, the reliability of the control is P = 0.96…0.98, depending on the value of the root-mean-square deviation of the measurement error. If the strength of adhesion of the solidified solution to the substrate is not controlled during the acceptance tests of each batch of DBM, the reliability of the control is P = 0.82…0.83, which is significantly lower than the allowable value. Conclusions: the index of adhesion strength is proposed to be included in the acceptance tests during the control of each batch of DBM.

Subject: applying mineral microfillers on the basis of technogenic wastes of non-ferrous metallurgy in the technology of cast and self-compacting concrete. The results of experiments of scientists from Russia, Kazakhstan, Poland and India show that copper smelting granulated slag can be used when grinding construction cements as a mineral additive up to 30 % without significantly reducing activity of the cements. However, there are no results of a comprehensive study of influence of the slag on plastic concrete mixtures. Research objectives: establishment of mathematical relationship of the influence of copper slag on the compressive strength and density of concrete after 28 days of hardening in normal conditions using the method of mathematical design of experiments; statistical processing of the results and verification of adequacy of the developed model. Materials and methods: mathematical experimental design was carried out as a full 4-factor experiment using rotatable central composite design. The mathematical model is selected in the form of a polynomial of the second degree using four factors of the response function. Results: 4-factor mathematical model of concrete strength and density after curing is created, regression equation is derived for dependence of the 28-days strength function and density on concentration of the cement stone, true water-cement ratio, dosage of fine copper slag and superplasticizer on the basis of ether polycarboxylates. Statistical processing of the results of mathematical design of experiments is carried out, estimate of adequacy of the constructed mathematical model is obtained. Conclusions: it is established that introduction of copper smelting slag in the range of 30…50 % by weight of cement positively affects the strength of concrete when used together with the superplasticizer. Increasing the dosage of superplasticizer in excess of 0.16 % of the dry component leads to a decrease in the strength of cast concrete. The developed compositions of cast fine-grained concrete mixtures can be used in high-density reinforcement concrete structures with strict requirements for size of fillers and plasticity of mixture.

Subject: the provisions in the updated edition of the technical specifications for cements are analyzed. A trend to decrease the clinker volume in Portland cement due to the wider use of mineral additives, up to 95%, was observed. Research objectives: substantiation of the most complete and efficient use of Portland cement and mineral additives in the composition of low water demand cements. Materials and methods: portland cement, mineral additives and superplasticizer were used as raw materials for obtaining cements of low water demand. The experimental methods comply with the current standards. Results: comparative properties of low water demand cements and cements with mineral additives are presented. The properties of cement-water suspensions of these binders have been studied, and, on their basis, heavy concretes have been made. The results of the grindability of Portland cement and mineral components with a superplasticizer are given. Conclusions: it is shown that the cement of low water demand, in which the advantages of both Portland cement and mineral additives are more fully and efficiently presented, complies with the tendency to decrease the clinker volume to the greatest degree. It is established that the clinker volume index for heavy concrete prepared on low water demand cement is almost four times lower than that for heavy concrete based on common Portland cement.

Subject: an important task in the design of internal enclosing structures of apartments is the establishment of their required soundproofing ability. At present, there is no reliable method for determining the required sound insulation and in this regard internal enclosures are designed without proper justification for noise protection. Research objectives: development of a technique for determining the required sound insulation of apartment’s internal enclosures to ensure an acceptable noise regime in the apartments’ rooms under the action of intra-apartment noise sources. Materials and methods: the methodology was developed on the basis of a statistical method for noise calculation in the apartments, treated as systems of acoustically coupled proportionate rooms, and with the help of a computer program that implements this method. Results: the technique makes it possible to generate, with the use of computer technologies, a targeted selection of internal enclosures of the apartment to meet their soundproofing requirements. Conclusions: the technique proposed in the article can be used at the design stage of apartments when determining the required soundproofing of partitions and doors. Using this technique, it is possible to harmonize the sound insulation ratio of individual elements among themselves and thereby guarantee a selection of internal structures for their acoustic and economic efficiency.

Complex, intensive and often irrational utilization of water bodies in urbanized areas in recent years leads to a sharp deterioration of coastal areas, coastal erosion, deterioration of water quality, health and living conditions due to pollution. In general, the main factors in the active reorganization of the shoreline are due to the anthropogenic impact on the coasts that has increased in recent decades: intensive construction of residential buildings and coastal structures in water protection zones and pruning of coastal slopes for these purposes, unregulated discharges into the river or reservoir. Also, the control of water levels in reservoirs by hydro-technical structures has a great influence on the development of coastal erosion, and, as a consequence, the stability of slopes is changing. Subject: on the example of the Uglich reservoir, the acting factors contributing to the loss of stability of the coastal slope are presented, the characteristics of the soils that make up the shores are given. A short description and comparison of different methods for calculating the collapse volumes of undeveloped shores, including the case of different changes in the water level of the reservoir (draw-off), is given. Research objectives: determination of the volume of collapse of earth masses in case of a sharp change in the water level in the reservoir; comparison of different data on the example of the Uglich reservoir. Materials and methods: damage from the shore collapse is assessed by counting only the coastal lands lost for use, namely, the width of the shoreline deviation and the volume of collapse are determined. The volumes of collapse prisms are usually calculated by the well-known methods of soil mechanics. At the same time, there are other methods for calculating the volume of collapse, for example, by taking into account the wave action. More comprehensive analysis should include assessment of the state of water bodies and waterways and take into account social factors. Conclusions: the current regulatory framework appears inadequate and thus it is necessary to develop a comprehensive program and recommendations on bank protection and damage assessment from shore collapse.

The parametric analysis of the stress state of a transversally isotropic rock mass near a pressurized hydraulic tunnel of a box-shaped form is carried out. Pressurized hydro-technical tunnels of box-shaped cross-section are widely used in the field of hydraulic engineering construction and are one of the complex, labor-intensive and expensive types of structures that make up the main structures of waterworks, melioration systems and water supply systems. As a culvert and water supply facilities they are built underground if the open excavation is impossible or not economical, or when the tunnel runs through a densely populated or densely built-up area, or when landslides, screes, rockfalls are possible. Violation of integrity of the rock mass, in particular, caused by tunneling, modifies the stress-strain state (SSS) of the rock mass, which leads to appearance of tensile stresses in some places, and in some cases, to significant compressive stresses. If these stresses exceed the design strengths of rock to tension and compression, respectively, then the collapse of the working roof and buckling of the side walls and the bottom of the tunnel may occur. Subject: analysis of the stress state of transversally isotropic rocks near the pressurized hydraulic tunnel of horseshoe cross-section caused by the internal head of water. Research objectives: determination of real values of circumferential stresses along the development contour. Materials and methods: solution of the problem of plane deformation of the theory of elasticity for a transversely isotropic medium containing tunnel excavation cannot be obtained by analytical methods, and therefore the stress-strain analysis was carried out by the finite element method using the ANSYS software package, MCE. Results: determination of stresses along the development contour, construction of diagrams and graphs showing the effects of the anisotropy conditions and Poisson’s ratio. The tangential stresses along the contour of hydraulic tunnel development for various values of deformation modulus and Poisson’s ratio are determined, which makes it possible to estimate the strength of the rock mass for different tunnel depths. The analysis of a long hydro-technical tunnel, laid in a strong, transversally isotropic rock, is reduced to the problem of plane deformation of the theory of elasticity for a transversely isotropic medium containing tunnel excavation. The size and type of the finite element suitable for analysis were determined in advance based on the solution of the test problem. Conclusions: it is necessary to determine the physical and mechanical properties of rocky soils more accurately, paying special attention to elastic characteristics; calculations should be performed taking into account the anisotropy of elastic properties.

The article substantiates the necessity of extension and development of tools for methodological evaluation of effectiveness of public-private partnership (PPP) projects both individually and in comparison of effectiveness of various mechanisms of projects realization on the example of traditional public procurement. The author proposed an original technique of modelling cash flows of private and public partners when realizing the projects based on PPP and on public procurement. The model enables us promptly and with sufficient accuracy to reveal comparative advantages of project forms of PPP and public procurement, and also assess financial effectiveness of the PPP projects for each partner. The modelling is relatively straightforward and reliable. The model also enables us to evaluate public partner's expenses for availability, find the terms and thresholds for interest rates of financing attracted by the partners and for risk probabilities to ensure comparative advantage of PPP project. Proposed criteria of effectiveness are compared with methodological recommendations provided by the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. Subject: public and private organizations, financial institutions, development institutions and their theoretical and practical techniques for effectiveness evaluation of public-private partnership (PPP) projects. Complexity of effectiveness evaluation and the lack of unified and accepted methodology are among the factors that limit the development of PPP in the Russian Federation nowadays. Research objectives: development of methodological methods for assessing financial efficiency of PPP projects by creating and justifying application of new principles and methods of modelling, and also criteria for effectiveness of PPP projects both individually and in comparison with the public procurement. Materials and methods: open database of ongoing PPP projects in the Russian Federation and abroad was used. The following methods were applied in the research: general scientific theoretical methods, such as idealization and formalization; general scientific experimental methods, such as modelling of objects under study. Results: the main result of this research is development of modelling for comparative analysis of PPP projects and traditional public procurement. This enables us to estimate the “price-quality” ratio and, based on it, analyze critical parameters of the project. Conclusions: despite the objective complexity of the analysis of effectiveness of PPP projects both individually and especially when compared with traditional forms of public procurement, there is a relatively simple way to perform such an analysis by means of modelling and comparison of cash flows of all parties of the PPP process. Proposed model makes the criteria for PPP projects effectiveness more intuitive for interpretation while preserving all key parameters. The relative simplicity of the analysis, calculation of limiting values, and interpretation of the results make the model a useful practical tool both for bodies of the public sector and potential private investors.

Subject: smart house maintenance requires taking into account a number of factors: resource-saving, reduction of operational expenditures, safety enhancement, providing comfortable working and leisure conditions. Automation of the corresponding engineering systems of illumination, climate control, security as well as communication systems and networks via utilization of contemporary technologies (e.g., IoT - Internet of Things) poses a significant challenge related to storage and processing of the overwhelmingly massive volume of data whose utilization extent is extremely low nowadays. Since a building’s lifespan is large enough and exceeds the lifespan of codes and standards that take into account the requirements of safety, comfort, energy saving, etc., it is necessary to consider management aspects in the context of rational use of large data at the stage of information modeling. Research objectives: increase the efficiency of managing the subsystems of smart buildings hardware on the basis of a web-based information system that has a flexible multi-level architecture with several control loops and an adaptation model. Materials and methods: since a smart house belongs to man-machine systems, the cybernetic approach is considered as the basic method for design and research of information management system. Instrumental research methods are represented by set-theoretical modelling, automata theory and architectural principles of organization of information management systems. Results: a flexible architecture of information system for management of smart house hardware subsystems has been synthesized. This architecture encompasses several levels: client level, application level and data level as well as three layers: presentation level, actuating device layer and analytics layer. The problem of growing volumes of information processed by realtime message controller is attended by employment of sensors and actuating mechanisms with configurable threshold, which implement control logic based on the model of discrete automata (namely, logical algorithm schemes). It is suggested to additionally enhance multi-loop control system with data-mining module, DBMS, datamarts, and OLAP cube, which are jointly capable of processing large amount of data on the state of hardware subsystems of buildings and structures. Conclusions: an information system for management of smart house hardware subsystems, once built according to the proposed architecture, will enhance the quality of decision-making process, decrease operational costs of the smart house due to the application of data-mining enabled control loop. It is recommended that the proposed solution be implemented for management of engineering systems of buildings and structures that utilize automation and IoT tools.