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Voronov Jurij Viktorovich -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Sewerage and Aquatic Ecology
8 (499) 183-27-65, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 26 Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia;
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Shirkova Tat'jana Nikolaevna -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
postgraduate student, Department of Sewerage and Water Ecology
8 (495) 789-77-04, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 26 Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia;
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The article covers the development of the system of engineering protection of territories and structures from impounding. The emphasis is made on the engineering protection associated with the risk of negative impacts produced on structures and the adjacent territory by subterranean waters. The territory of Imeretinskaya Lowland, Adler District, Sochi, designated for the accommodation of Winter Olympic Games in 2014, served as an example of the technology underlying the system of engineering protection. Artificial elevation of the ground level by upfilling or inwashing of soil, having high filtration properties, and construction of drainage systems are planned to assure the admissible impounding risk level. The above actions will make it possible to assure the acceptable depth of the underground waters in the territory.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.2.121-124
References
- SNiP 22-02—2003. Inzhenernaja zaschita territorij, zdanij i sooruzhenij ot opasnyh geologicheskih processov. Osnovnye polozhenija [Construction Norms and Rules 22-02—2003. Engineering Protection of Territories, Buildings and Structures from Hazardous Geological Processes. Basic Provisions]. Moscow, Rosstroj, 2004.
- Rozanov N.N., Kuranov N.P. Metodicheskie rekomendacii po ocenke riska avarij gidrotehnicheskih sooruzhenij vodohranilisch i nakopitelej promyshlennyh othodov [Methodological Recommendations concerning the Assessment of the Risk of Accidents at Hydraulic Engineering Structures of Water Storage Bodes and Industrial Waste Tanks]. Moscow, DAR/VODGEO, 2002.
- Kuranov N.P. Metodicheskie rekomendacii po ocenke riska i uscherba pri podtoplenii territorij [Methodological Recommendations concerning the Assessment of Risk and Damage Caused by the Impoundment of Territories]. Moscow, DAR\VODGEO, 2001.
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Oreshkin Dmitrij Vladimirovich -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Head of Department of Construction Materials
8 (499) 183-32-29, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 26 Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia;
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Saharov Grigorij Petrovich -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Construction Materials
8 (499) 183-32-29, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 26 Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia;
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Chebotaev Aleksandr Nikolaevich -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
engineer, Intek-Service LLC,
8 (495) 232-53-25, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 22 Pavla Korchagina st., Moscow, 129626, Russia;
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Kurbatova Anna Sergeevna -
Urban Environment Research and Design Institute - UERDI
Doctor of Geographical Sciences, Professor, Deputy Director, Urban Environment Research and Design Institute - UERDI, Building 1, 19 Bol'shoj Suharevskij pereulok, 127051, Moscow, Russia;
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Crude oil and gas fields are located in remote areas known for their severe geological and climatic conditions that are aggravated by the presence of the paleocrystic frozen rock. Borehole drilling causes generation of the substantial amount of drilling waste. The sludge weighs millions of tons. Any rock is to remain frozen at any drilling site in the Yamal peninsula. Semifluid drilling waste occupies extensive areas around drilling sites; they prevent development of the surface infrastructure, they interfere with the work of drilling technicians and contribute to hazardous working conditions, they are a challenge to the local ecology. The above factors produce a negative impact on the environment and prevent sustainable development of the region. For example, disposal of drilling waste at condensed gas fields operated in the Yamal peninsula represents a substantial problem. Drilling waste contains drilling fluid used in the process of borehole drilling. It was discovered in the course of the preliminary research that drilling fluids were composite suspensions that contained bentonite, heavy spar, caustic soda, dilutants, and polymers. It was found out that the sludge was composed of silica, calcite, dolomite, aragonite, magnesite, some feldspars, heavy spar, gypsum and anhydrite, micas, hydromicas, clay minerals. Projections provided in the paper say that pre-neutralized sludge may be used in the manufacturing of building materials, such as bricks, claydite, small-size building units, etc. The authors argue that further research of the sludge elements and microstructure, as well as its chemical, mineral, granulometric and X-ray phase analyses need to be performed.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.2.125-129
References
- Oreshkin D.V., Pervushin G.N. Geojekologicheskie problemy treschinostojkosti i teploprovodnosti tamponazhnogo kamnja [Geoecological Problems of Fracture Strength and Heat Conductivity of Backill Stone]. Steny. Fasady. Aktual'nye problemy stroitel'noj teplofiziki [Walls. Facades. Relevant Problems of Thermal Physics in Civil Engineering], 8th International Conference, collected works, Moscow, NIISF, 2003, pp. 125—133.
- Oreshkin D.V., Pervushin G.N. Geojekologicheskie problemy germetichnosti zatrubnogo prostranstva [Geoecological Problems of Leakproofness of Hole Annulus]. Stroitel'stvo neftjanyh i gazovyh skvazhin na sushe i na more, 2004, Issue # 3, pp. 28—32.
- Bereznjakov A.I., Griva G.I., Osokin A.B. and others. Problemy ustojchivosti dobyvajuschih skvazhin mestorozhdenij poluostrova Jamal [Problems of Sustainability of Producing Wells of the Yamal Peninsula]. Moscow, IRC Gazprom, 1997, 159 p.
- Vjahirev V.I., Ippolitov V.V., Oreshkin D.V. and others. Oblegchennye i sverhlegkie tamponazhnye rastvory [Lightweight and Superlight Grouting Mortars]. Moscow, Nedra, 1999, 180 p.
- Oreshkin D.V., Frolov A.A., Ippolitov V.V. Problemy teploizoljacionnyh tamponazhnyh materialov dlja uslovij mnogoletnih merzlyh porod [Problems of Heat Insulation Backfills Applicable in the Permafrost Environment]. Moscow, Nedra, 2004, 232 p.
- Bokovikova T.N., Shperber D.R., Shperber E.R., Volkova C.C. Ispol'zovanie nefteshlamov v stroitel'stve dorozhnyh pokrytij i odezhd [Use of Oil Slimes in Construction of Road Coverings and Dressings]. Neftegazovoe delo, 2011, Issue # 2, pp. 311—315.
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Sazonov Eduard Vladimirovich -
Voronezh State University of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Department of Urban Planning, Voronezh State University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 84 20-letija oktjabrja st., Voronezh, Russia.
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Suhorukova Irina Anatol'evna -
Voronezh State University of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Senior Lecturer, Department of Architectural Design and Urban Planning, Voronezh State University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 84 20-letija oktjabrja st., Voronezh, Russia;
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In the article, authors provide an overview of effective regulatory, reference and technical documents that govern the extent of suitability of territories adjacent to airfields for building-up. Methods of assessing the acceptable limits of the aviation noise in the areas adjacent to airfields are considered in the article. Ecologization of airfield environs is not a new problem. The research described in the article is noteworthy for the proposed optimization of any plans for the assurance of habitability of specific areas impacted by noise pollutions. The optimization consists in a set of organizational and technical solutions based on the noise levels in specific areas, development planning conditions of inhabited areas, and the monitoring of the airfield environs. It is the multi-factor approach that is capable of resolving the problem of ecological stress imposed by the noise coming from the air transport. Towards this end, the problem-solving strategy is to be developed and implemented in the areas that feature the same unfavorable environmental characteristics.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.2.130-134
References
- Osipov G.L., Prutkov B.G., Shishkin I.A. Gradostroitel'nye mery bor'by s shumom [Urban Development Measures of Acoustic Protection]. Moscow, Strojizdat, 1975.
- Transport Noise, in English. Translation edited by Tol'skij V.E., Butakov G.V., Mel'nikov B.N. Moscow, Transport, 1995.
- Zaborschikova N.P., Pestrjakova S.V. Shum goroda. Ocenka i regulirovanie shumovogo rezhima selitebnyh territorij. [Urban Noise. Assessment and Regulation of the Noise Regime in Urban Areas]. Moscow, ASV, SPbGASU, 2004, 112 p.
- SNiP 23-03—2003. Zaschita ot shuma [Construction Norms and Rules 23-03—2003. Protection from Noise]. SPb, DEAN, 2004.
- GOST 22283—88. Shum aviacionnyj. Dopustimye urovni na territorii zhiloj zastrojki i metody ego izmerenija [State Standard 22283—88. Aviation Noise. Acceptable Levels in Residential Areas and Methods of Measurement]. Moscow, 1984.
- Rekomendacii po ustanovleniju zon ogranichenija zhiloj zastrojki v okrestnostjah ajeroportov grazhdanskoj aviacii iz uslovij shuma [Recommendation for the Identification of Boundaries of Residential Areas in the Environs of Civil Airports Based on Noise Impacts]. Moscow, Strojizdat, 1987.
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Suhorukova Irina Anatol'evna -
Voronezh State University of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Senior Lecturer, Department of Architectural Design and Urban Planning, Voronezh State University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 84 20-letija oktjabrja st., Voronezh, Russia;
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In this article, various methods of assessment of acceptable aviation noise in the environs of airfields are considered. Noise maps of Voronezh-B airfield have been compiled on the basis of the research presented in the article. The results of our research have made it possible to adjust the method of analysis underlying the acceptable setting of boundaries of residential areas impacted by the aviation noise. As a result of the research, solutions to environmental problems typical for the environs of airfields were developed and presented in the article. The results of the research were incorporated into the Infrastructure Research Project.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.2.135-139
References
- SNiP 23-03—2003. Zaschita ot shuma [Construction Norms and Rules 23-03—2003. Protection from Noise]. SPb, DEAN, 2004, 80 p.
- GOST 22283—88. Shum aviacionnyj. Dopustimye urovni na territorii zhiloj zastrojki i metody ego izmerenija [State Standard 22283—88. Aviation Noise. Acceptable Levels in Residential Areas and Methods of Measurement]. Moscow, 1984.
- Transport Noise, in English. Translation edited by Tol'skij V.E., Butakov G.V., Mel'nikov B.N. Moscow, Transport, 1995.
- Osipov G.L., Prutkov B.G., Shishkin I.A. Gradostroitel'nye mery bor'by s shumom [Urban Development Measures of Acoustic Protection]. Moscow, Strojizdat, 1975.
- Rekomendacii po ustanovleniju zon ogranichenija zhiloj zastrojki v okrestnostjah ajeroportov grazhdanskoj aviacii iz uslovij shuma [Recommendations for the Setting of Boundaries of Residential Areas in the Environs of Civil Airports Based on Noise Impacts]. Moscow, Strojizdat, 1987.
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Alekseev Evgenij Valer'evich -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of Department of Water Supply and Aquatic Ecology
8 (499) 183-54-56, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 26 Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia;
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.
Discrete properties of substances found in the water can provide exhaustive information about the substances contained in it. However, they do not provide any information about the interaction between the substances and the water, or between themselves, or the overall properties of the aquatic system. Therefore, they cannot serve as the basis for the systemic approach to development of efficient water treatment technologies.
The author's suggestion is to introduce the term "aquatic system" as a description of the properties of natural and sewerage water. An aquatic system represents a collection of interconnected substances and phenomena in the aquatic medium. Therefore, natural and sewerage water represent aquatic systems, or mixtures of substances that have different origins, that interact with one another on a non-stop basis, and that are interrelated, and that interact with the water at one and the same time. Primary features of aquatic systems are considered in the article, including genesis, stability, and localization. Secondary features of aquatic systems, including their aggregate state, their biotic state, and their chemical composition.
The research of aquatic systems of natural and sewerage waters, their structure and interrelations identifies the top-priority subject of research in the aquatic ecology. Therefore, the subject matter of the aquatic ecology represents the area of research, learning and systematization of features and properties of natural and man-made aquatic systems. This area of research dives way to a new trend of the methodology of modeling and optimization of natural and sewerage water treatment technologies. Aquatic ecology is to develop the principal provisions aimed at the improvement of water treatment technologies based on the properties of aquatic systems.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.2.140-144
References
- Shvecov V.N., Morozova K.M., Mjasnikov I.N. and others. Klassifikator tehnologij ochistki stochnyh vod [Classified Technologies of Sewerage Water Treatment Technologies]. Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaja tehnika [Water Supply and Sanitation Machinery], 2004, Issue # 5, pp. 2—4.
- Zhurba M.G., Sokolov L.I., Govorova Zh.M. Vodosnabzhenie. Proektirovanie sistem i sooruzhenij [Water Supply. Design of Systems and Structures], methodological guide, edited by professor Zhurba M.G. Moscow, ASV, 2004, volume 2.
- Zhurba M.G., Nechaev A.P., Ivleva G.A. and others. Klassifikatory tehnologij ochistki prirodnyh vod [Classifiers of Natural Water Treatment Technologies]. Moscow, GPI Sojuzvodokanalproekt, 2000, 118 p.
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Chizhikov Il'ja Aleksandrovich -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
postgraduate student, Department of Urban Planning and Ecological Safety, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 26 Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia;
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Shcherbina Elena Vital'evna -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of Department of Urban Planning and Ecological Safety, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 26 Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia;
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The paper presents the results of the field study of the subsidence following the implementation of one of the road building methods. The field study was performed in the area alongside oil and gas field access roads built in the loose marshy ground (peat). The paper provides a description of the geosynthetics installation technology. Outdated road building technologies designated for weak road base conditions feature high consumption of materials and energy and substantial anthropogenic impact on the environment. These technologies comprise complete or partial replacement of the ground by sand, road metal, or macrofragmental material combined with timber as the reinforcing element of the base (a plank road). The objective of the field study was to develop an ecologically safe technology capable of reducing the anthropogenic impact on the environment and improving the strength and the operating safety of the road structure. The field study has proven that the aforementioned objective may be attained through the application of geosynthetic materials designated for the improvement of the bearing capacity of the weak road base. Geosynthetic materials and structures of the road subgrade ensure high speed of construction, high quality and reliability of the road structure, reduction in the consumption of materials and energy to assure the ecological safety of construction of oil and gas field access roads. Earlier, the author used the qualimetry method to assess the ecological safety. This method is used to assess the ecological safety in points. The assessments have proven that the reinforced base technology is preferable to the method of complete or partial replacement of the ground. Projection of the subsistence development pattern that makes it possible to evaluate the safety and the serviceability of the proposed solution is also an important efficiency factor. The field study involved a section of the oil and gas field access road outstretched along the oil transportation route that connected three Salym oil fields in Western Siberia.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.2.145-151
References
- Shcherbina E.V. Geosinteticheskie materialy v stroitel'stve [Geosynthetics in Construction], Moscow, ASV, 2004, 111 p.
- Chizhikov I.A. Jekologo-jekonomicheskaja jeffektivnost' ustrojstva promyslovyh dorog Zapadnoj Sibiri s ispol'zovaniem geosinteticheskih materialov [Ecological and Economic Efficiency of Site Access Roads Installation in Western Siberia using Geosynthetic Materials]. Jekologija urbaniziro-vannyh territorij [Ecology of urban areas] International Scientific and Technical Conference, Moscow, Prima-Press-M, 2006, pp. 197—200.
- Chizhikov I.A., Shcherbina E.V. Ispol'zovanie mnogofaktornogo analiza dlja ocenki jekologicheskoj bezopasnosti stroitel'stva neftegazopromyslovyh dorog [Use of the Multi-factor Analysis for the Environmental Safety Assessment of construction of Oil-and-Gas Production Roads]. Jekologija urbanizirovannyh territorij, 2010, Issue # 3, pp. 96—100.
- BCN (Branch Construction Norms) 26—90 Instrukcija po primeneniju i stroitel'stvu avtomobil'nyh dorog neftjanyh i gazovyh promyslov Zapadnoj Sibiri [Instructions for Oil-and-gas Field Access Roads Use and Construction in Western Siberia], Moscow, Mintransstroi, 1990, pp. 54—56.
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Frog Boris Nikolaevich -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
Doctor of Chemistry, Professor, Department of Water Disposal and Protection of Aquatic Resources
8 (495) 935 14 71, 8 (499) 182-99-58, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 6 Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia;
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Grineva Irina Nikolaevna -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
master student, Department of Water Disposal and Protection of Aquatic Resources, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 26 Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia;
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Kudrjashova Glafira Nikolaevna -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associated Professor, Department of Water Disposal and Protection of Aquatic Resources, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 26 Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia.
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Nikiforova Anna Pavlovna -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
master student, Department of Water Disposal and Protection of Aquatic Resources, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 26 Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia.
The subject matter of this paper is the operation of Kotlass pulp and paper plant. The amount payable by the plant for the discharge of pollutants into the basin of the Northern Dvina River represents its substantial performance indicator. The pollutant discharge payment is minimal, if the maximal permissible discharge limit is not exceeded. Otherwise, the payment amount goes up. If the concentration of discharged pollutants may cause degradation of the water body, the amount would be by far bigger, given the cost of the water body recovery. If the quality of discharges is higher than the one declared, or if the quality of the discharges is higher than the quality of the water in the recipient water body, the enterprise is exempt from a fraction or the whole of the tax amount due and payable.
The analysis of the wastewater discharged by this enterprise has proven that the major portion of the pollutant discharge payment represents the amount due and payable for excessive discharges that fall beyond the limits. The diagrams that accompany the paper constitute a clear representation of this statement.
Three streams of wastewaters discharged by Kotlass pulp and paper plant are delivered into surface fishery waters. The composition of each wastewater stream and the per-pollutant payment amount is provided in the tabular form. The top five pollutants that account for 97 % of the payment amount have been identified. The major pollutants include methanol (54 % of the discharge payment) and suspended solids (21 % of the discharge payment).
On the basis of the above, the principal environmental protection plan of actions was developed to assure that the maximal permissible discharge limit is not exceeded by Kotlass pulp and paper plant. The proposed plan is designated to resolve specific process-related issues from the viewpoint of economy and environmental protection. Its implementation will reduce discharges of suspended solids by 50 %, whereas the concentration of methanol in the wastewater will also go down.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.2.152-160
References
- Frog D.B., Frog B.N., Harlamova M.D. Obespechenie jekologicheskoj bezopasnosti vodozabora Ust'-Ilimskogo lesopromyshlennogo kompleksa [Maintenance of Ecological Safety of the Water Intake Facility of the Ust-Ylim Wood Processing Plant]. Vestnik RUDN, Serija Jekologija i bezopasnost' zhiznedejatel'nosti [Ecology and Safety of the Environment], Issue # 4, 2010.
- Panina M.A., Frog D.B., Harlamova M.D. Sovershenstvovanie jekologicheskogo normirovanija v oblasti vodosnabzhenija i vodootvedenija CBK [Improvement of Water Supply and Water Disposal at pulp and paper mills]. Vestnik RUDN, Serija Jekologija i bezopasnost' zhiznedejatel'nosti [Ecology and Safety of the Environment], Issue # 2, 2010.
- Frog B.N., Shashkov S.N., Frog D.B. Obespechenie normirovanija organizovannogo sbrosa stochnyh vod Ust'-Ul'inskogo LPK v r. Angara [Regulation of Water Discharge by Ust-Ilim Wood Processing Plant into the Angara River]. Jekologija urbanizirovannyh territorij [Ecology of Urban Lands], Issue # 4, 2010. ¹ 4, pp. 63—70.
- Skurlatov Ju.I., Kozlova N.B., Frog B.N. and others. Ocenka vozdejstvija predprijatij LPK na vodnuju jekosistemu bassejna Severnoj Dviny [Evaluation of Impact of Wood Processing Plants the Aquatic Ecosystem of the basin of the Northern Dvina]. Materialy mezhdunarodnogo kongressa «Voda: jekologija i tehnologija» [Works of International Congress Water: Ecology and Technology] (EKVATEK-2000), Moscow, 2000, pp. 123—125.
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Monahov Boris Evgen'evich -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associated Professor, Director, Institute of Distance Learning and Secondary Professional Education
8 (499) 188-04-02, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 26 Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia;
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Shilova Ljubov' Andreevna -
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE)
postgraduate student
8 (495) 287-49-19, extension 1356, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE), 26 Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia;
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Today, Russian Far East represents a transit hub connecting Europe and Russia with Southeast Asia, Japan and America. The optimal pattern of its development involves its economic growth in combination with the implementation of major investment projects to be funded by the state and private investors. Despite substantial local problems, development of eastern regions is the top-priority task for Russian and international businesses.
The paper proposes several alternative solutions to the power generation problems of Russian Far East through the application of renewable sources of power. Namely, several options considered in this paper include construction of a tidal power plant in Tugurskij bay sheltered from the heavy ice of the Sea of Ohotsk by a string of the Shantar Islands, as well as the complementary operation of wave power plants. However, the use of power generated by tidal power plants seems to be problematic due to uneven power generation for the reason of cyclical (bi-weekly) nature of tides.
This paper proposes several solutions to ensure regular power generation by Tugurskaja tidal power plant. Solution 1 contemplates the backing to be provided by Sredne-Uchurskaja and Kankunskaja hydraulic power plants in South Yakutia.
The amount of power undersupplied by Tugurskaja tidal power plant may be covered by the hydraulic power plants, and the drop-down in the performance of a tidal power plant may be compensated by the hydraulic power plants to ensure guaranteed complementary performance of a power generating vehicle composed of a network of tidal and hydraulic power plants.
Solution 2, which is more effective, involves construction of a pumped-storage power plant in a valley of the Ujkan River tributary in Khabarovsk Krai.
DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.2.161-169
References
- Strategija social'no-jekonomicheskogo razvitija Dal'nego Vostoka i Bajkal'skogo regiona na period do 2025 goda [Strategy of Social and Economic Development of the Far East and the Baikal Regon through 2025], approved by the Resolution of the RF Government of December 28, 2009 # 2094-r.
- Gridnev D.Z. Proektirovanie prirodno-jekologicheskogo karkasa v sostave gradostroitel'noj dokumentacii [Design of Natural Ecological Framework as Part of the Urban Planning Documentation]. Problemy regional'noj jekologii [Problems of Regional Ecology], 2009, Issue # 6, pp. 18—25.
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [electronic resource]. Mode of access: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ÏÝÑ_ «Lya_Rans". Date of access 27.08.2011.
- Internet resource. http://temperatures.ru. Date of access 08.02.2012.
- Science photo library http://www.sciencephoto. Date of access 08.02.2012.
- Jiangxia Tidal Power Station. http://www.answers.com/topic/jiangxia-tidal-power-station; date of access 08.02.2012.
- Wenling Jiangxia experimental tidal generation plant. http://www.chinatechgadget.com/wenlingjiangxia-experimental-tidal-generation-plant.html Date of access 08.02.2012.
- Feasibility Report on Tugurskaja tidal power plant located in-between Cape Nosorog and Cape Bolshaja Larganda in Tugurskij Bay of the Sea of Ohotsk, Moscow, 2006.
- Bernshtejn L.B. Prilivnye jelektrostancii [Tidal Power Plants]. Moscow, Gidroproekt Institut [JSC Institute Hydroproject], 1994.